{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:32:44Z","timestamp":1790793164817,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]],"date-time":"2018-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519862400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]],"date-time":"2018-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519862400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,24]],"date-time":"2017-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"United Nations and various non-government organizations that supported mission that provided the foundation for this paper"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Forensic Science International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,18]],"date-time":"2017-12-18T13:07:59Z","timestamp":1513602479000},"page":"85-96","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The pathology of torture"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"284","author":[{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Pollanen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"December (4)","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-198412000-00005","article-title":"Amnesty International and the forensic sciences","volume":"5","author":"Thomsen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol."},{"issue":"January (1\u20132)","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(88)90228-9","article-title":"Forensic medicine and human rights","volume":"36","author":"Thomsen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"issue":"August (8)","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.53.8.569","article-title":"The role of the pathologist in human rights abuses","volume":"53","author":"Thomsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022_bib0020","first-page":"27","article-title":"The epidemiology of falanga\u2014incidence among Swedish asylum seekers","volume":"19","author":"Edston","year":"2009","journal-title":"Torture"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022_bib0025","first-page":"12","article-title":"Geographical distribution of torture: an epidemiological study of torture reported by asylum applicants examined at the Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen","volume":"25","author":"Busch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Torture"},{"issue":"March (1)","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199803000-00017","article-title":"Typical homicide ritual of the Italian Mafia (incaprettamento)","volume":"19","author":"Fineschi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol."},{"issue":"March (1)","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PAF.0000050693.70683.97","article-title":"A variant of incaprettamento (ritual ligature strangulation) in East Timor","volume":"24","author":"Pollanen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol."},{"issue":"December (4)","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199712000-00001","article-title":"Shaken adult syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Pounder","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol."},{"issue":"June (2)","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-016-9752-6","article-title":"Fatal rhabdomyolysis after torture by reverse hanging","volume":"12","author":"Pollanen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Med. Pathol."},{"issue":"December (4)","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcfm.2003.08.001","article-title":"Fatal pulmonary thromboembolism following physical torture","volume":"10","author":"Meel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Forensic Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022_bib0055","series-title":"The Minnesota Protocol on the Investigation of Potentially Unlawful Death (2016)","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022_bib0060","series-title":"Guidelines for Investigating Deaths in Custody","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022_bib0065","series-title":"Manual on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel or Degrading Treatment or Punishment","author":"The Instanbul Protocol","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022_bib0070","unstructured":"International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims Medical physical examination of alleged torture victims. A practical guide to the Istanbul Protocol\u2014for medical doctors, 2009, ISBN 978-87-88882-35-3."},{"issue":"September (3)","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-011-9298-6","article-title":"Falanga torture: characteristic features and diagnostic issues","volume":"8","author":"Byard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Med. Pathol."},{"issue":"June (2)","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-016-9758-0","article-title":"Forensic and historical aspects of crucifixion","volume":"12","author":"Byard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Med. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022_bib0085","unstructured":"Jacque Collot, Les Misere et les Malheurs de la Guerra, Plate 10, L\u2019estrapade or Strappado, 1633."},{"issue":"September (9)","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/167.9.736","article-title":"Long-term consequences of upper extremity peripheral neuropathy in former Vietnam prisoners of war","volume":"167","author":"Holmboe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S48","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-4179(94)90090-6","article-title":"Histopathological evaluation of scalds and contact burns in the pig model","volume":"20","author":"Brans","year":"1994","journal-title":"Burns"},{"issue":"July (4)","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3109\/08860229609047693","article-title":"Acute renal failure due to traumatic rhabdomyolysis","volume":"18","author":"Naqvi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022_bib0105","first-page":"198","article-title":"Further observations on acute renal failure following physical torture","volume":"10","author":"Malik","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1159\/000187248","article-title":"Acute renal failure following physical torture","volume":"63","author":"Malik","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"issue":"June (3)","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022_bib0115","first-page":"152","article-title":"Centropontine myelinolysis related to refeeding syndrome in an adolescent suffering from anorexia nervosa","volume":"43","author":"Leroy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"issue":"March (3)","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022_bib0120","article-title":"Multidrug resistant tuberculosis in prisons located in former Soviet countries: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Droznin","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2010.493597","article-title":"Self-reported activity in tortured refugees with long-term sequelae including pain and the impact of foot pain from falanga\u2014a cross-sectional study","volume":"33","author":"Prip","year":"2011","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"issue":"December","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-698X-12-40","article-title":"Pain when walking: individual sensory profiles in the foot soles of torture victims\u2014a controlled study using quantitative sensory testing","volume":"12","author":"Prip","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Int. Health Hum. Rights"},{"issue":"December","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-698X-12-39","article-title":"Sensory functions in the foot soles in victims of generalized torture, in victims also beaten under the feet (falanga) and in healthy controls\u2014a blinded study using quantitative sensory testing","volume":"12","author":"Prip","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Int. Health Hum. Rights"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022_bib0140","first-page":"33","article-title":"Long-term consequences of falanga torture\u2014what do we know and what do we need to know?","volume":"19","author":"Amris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Torture"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2217\/pmt.14.50","article-title":"Managing chronic pain in survivors of torture","volume":"5","author":"Amris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Manag."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(99)00209-1","article-title":"Chronic pain in torture survivors","volume":"108","author":"Thomsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."}],"container-title":["Forensic Science International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0379073817305388?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0379073817305388?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T17:54:57Z","timestamp":1759946097000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0379073817305388"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["S0379073817305388"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0379-0738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0379-0738","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The pathology of torture","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Forensic Science International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.022","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 The Author. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}