{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T03:55:00Z","timestamp":1793332500520,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Forensic Science International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T20:05:04Z","timestamp":1564689904000},"page":"109909","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Histologic and radiological analysis on bone fractures: Estimation of posttraumatic survival time in skeletal trauma"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"302","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4527-4203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annalisa","family":"Cappella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8590-0945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans H.","family":"de Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Cammilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6388-9415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danilo","family":"De Angelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmelo","family":"Messina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca Maria","family":"Sconfienza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Sardanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6532-6464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiarella","family":"Sforza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Cattaneo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0005","series-title":"Forensic Anthropology: Theoretical Framework and Scientific Basis","first-page":"149","article-title":"The anatomical basis for fracture repair","author":"Boyd","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0010","series-title":"Fractures","first-page":"97","article-title":"Healing of bone, tendon, and ligament","author":"Cruess","year":"1975"},{"issue":"13\u201314","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2003.08.003","article-title":"Modelling bone tissue fracture and healing: a review","volume":"71","author":"Doblar\u00e9","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0020","series-title":"Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains","author":"Ortner","year":"2003"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(09)80003-3","article-title":"Introduction to bone biology","volume":"13","author":"Rodan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90487-5","article-title":"Toward a molecular understanding of skeletal development","volume":"80","author":"Erlebacher","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0035","series-title":"Cellular and Molecular Biology of Bone","first-page":"1","article-title":"Osteoblastic cell lineage","author":"Aubin","year":"1993"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2005.07.019","article-title":"Current concepts of molecular aspects of bone healing","volume":"36","author":"Dimitriou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.60B2.350882","article-title":"The biology of fracture healing in long bones","volume":"60B","author":"McKibbin","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Br."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0050","series-title":"Histology","author":"Ham","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0055","series-title":"Pathology of Bone","author":"Collins","year":"1966"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199173060-00006","article-title":"Early histological and ultrastructural changes in medullary fracture callus","volume":"73","author":"Brighton","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0065","series-title":"Bone Repair and Fracture Healing in Man","author":"Sevitt","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199810001-00003","article-title":"The cell and molecular biology of fracture healing","volume":"355","author":"Einhorn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2005.07.027","article-title":"Overview of the fracture healing cascade","volume":"36","author":"Phillips","year":"2005","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.04.057","article-title":"Vitality and time course of wounds","volume":"144","author":"Oehmichen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-192711000-00008","article-title":"The phenomena of early stages in bone repair","volume":"86","author":"Todd","year":"1927","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0090","series-title":"Master\u2019s Thesis","article-title":"An investigation of time since injury: a radiographic study of fracture healing","author":"Hufnagl","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0095","first-page":"203","article-title":"Fracture healing","volume":"1","author":"Hendrix","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198911000-00045","article-title":"The biology of fracture healing. An overview for clinicians. Part I","volume":"248","author":"Frost","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Orthoped Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0105","first-page":"161","article-title":"Fracture healing and complications","volume":"2","author":"Toal","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0110","series-title":"Orthopaedic Pathology","author":"Vigorita","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198911000-00046","article-title":"The biology of fracture healing. An overview for clinicians. Part II","volume":"248","author":"Frost","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin. Orthoped. Relat. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/1460408609335922","article-title":"Fracture healing and bone repair: an update","volume":"11","author":"Tosounidis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2015.04.012","article-title":"The challenges of accurately estimating time of long bone injury in children","volume":"33","author":"Pickett","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Forensic Leg. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.184.4.01841282","article-title":"How old is this fracture? Radiologic dating of fractures in children: a systematic review","volume":"184","author":"Prosser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.175.1.1750075","article-title":"Development and duration of radiographic signs of bone healing in children","volume":"175","author":"Islam","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2011.01820.x","article-title":"A radiographic assessment of pediatric fracture healing and time since injury","volume":"56","author":"Malone","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.11.6734","article-title":"A timetable for the radiologic features of fracture healing in young children","volume":"198","author":"Prosser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0150","series-title":"Diagnostic Imaging of Child Abuse","first-page":"168","article-title":"Dating fractures","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"1998"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100020115","article-title":"Production of a standard closed fracture in laboratory animal bone","volume":"2","author":"Bonnarens","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3109\/17453679808999059","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of nerve growth factor in fractured and unfractured rat bone","volume":"69","author":"Grills","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Scand."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1916","article-title":"BMP2 activity, although dispensable for bone formation, is required for the initiation of fracture healing","volume":"38","author":"Tsuji","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199274050-00005","article-title":"The healing of segmental bone defects, induced by recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP-2). A radiographic, histological, and biomechanical study in rats","volume":"74","author":"Yasko","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Am."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2007.00651.x","article-title":"Healing following cranial trauma","volume":"53","author":"Barbian","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-192912000-00005","article-title":"Immediate and eventual features of healing in amputated bones","volume":"90","author":"Barber","year":"1929","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-002-0338-3","article-title":"Post-mortem diagnosis and age estimation of infants\u2019 fractures","volume":"117","author":"Klotzbach","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Legal Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0190","series-title":"Essentials of Autopsy Practice","first-page":"23","article-title":"Examination of fractures at autopsy","author":"Malcolm","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0195","series-title":"Diagnostic Imaging of Child Abuse","first-page":"208","article-title":"Dating fractures","author":"Kleinman","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1212(199601)6:1<101::AID-OA232>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Healed limb amputations in human osteoarchaeology and their causes: a case study from Ipswich, UK","volume":"6","author":"Mays","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Osteoarchaeol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0205","series-title":"Skeletal Trauma: Identification of Injuries Resulting from Human Rights Abuse and Armed Conflict","first-page":"245","article-title":"Dating of fractures in human dry bone tissue. The Berisha case.","author":"Maat","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.08.021","article-title":"Cranial trauma and the assessment of posttraumatic survival time","volume":"244","author":"Steyn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.2267","article-title":"Assessing post\u2010traumatic time interval in human dry bone","volume":"25","author":"De Boer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Osteoarchaeol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0220","series-title":"Forensic Aspects of Pediatric Fractures Differentiating Accidental Traumas from Child Abuse.","first-page":"194","article-title":"Histological fracture dating in fresh and dry bone tissue","author":"Maat","year":"2008"},{"issue":"219","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0225","article-title":"A modern documented Italian identified skeletal collection of 2127 skeletons: the CAL Milano cemetery skeletal collection","volume":"287","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13220","article-title":"The issue of age estimation in a modern skeletal population: are even the more modern current aging methods satisfactory for the elderly?","volume":"62","author":"Cappella","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.1242","article-title":"Manual for the preparation and staining of embedded natural dry bone tissue sections for microscopy","volume":"23","author":"De Boer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Osteoarchaeol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0240","first-page":"52","article-title":"Survival time after fracture or amputation in a 19th Century mining population at Kimberley, South Africa","volume":"11","author":"De Boer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Goodwin Ser."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-013-0824-9","article-title":"The application of cone-beam CT in the aging of bone calluses: a new perspective?","volume":"127","author":"Cappella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.01.020","article-title":"Quantitative MR imaging in fracture dating\u2014initial results","volume":"261","author":"Baron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/his.13850","article-title":"Histological aging of fractures in infants: a practical algorithm for assessing infants suspected of accidental or non\u2010accidental injury","author":"Naqvi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e3181c15d74","article-title":"The detection of microscopic markers of hemorrhaging and wound age on dry bone: a pilot study","volume":"31","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22830","article-title":"The taphonomy of blood components in decomposing bone and its relevance to physical anthropology","volume":"158","author":"Cappella","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0270","series-title":"P5 Medicine and Justice: Innovation, Unitariness and Evidence, Springer International Publishing AG, Switzerland","first-page":"166","article-title":"Post mortem anthropology and trauma analysis","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.06.014","article-title":"Exiting the limbo of perimortem trauma: a brief review of microscopic markers of hemorrhaging and early healing signs in bone","volume":"302","author":"Cappella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."}],"container-title":["Forensic Science International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0379073819303214?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0379073819303214?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T17:58:28Z","timestamp":1759946308000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0379073819303214"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["S0379073819303214"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909","relation":{},"ISSN":["0379-0738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0379-0738","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Histologic and radiological analysis on bone fractures: Estimation of posttraumatic survival time in skeletal trauma","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Forensic Science International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109909","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109909"}}