{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:26:19Z","timestamp":1791300379792,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Forensic Science International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]],"date-time":"2019-08-28T23:43:52Z","timestamp":1567035832000},"page":"109935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Metformin \u2013 Postmortem fatal and non-fatal reference concentrations in femoral blood and risk factors associated with fatal intoxications"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"303","author":[{"given":"Lotta","family":"Walz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna K.","family":"J\u00f6nsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Ahlner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl Johan","family":"\u00d6stgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Druid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0005","series-title":"Global Report on Diabetes","year":"2016"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12716","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of diabetes mellitus: a nationwide population-based pharmaco-epidemiological study in Sweden","volume":"32","author":"Jansson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.2337\/dci18-0033","article-title":"Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. A consensus report by the american diabetes association (ADA) and the european association for the study of diabetes (EASD)","volume":"41","author":"Davies","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0020","unstructured":"National Guidelines For Diabetes Care Revised Version 2015 [cited 2019 7 februari 2019]; Available from: http:\/\/www.socialstyrelsen.se\/nationellariktlinjerfordiabetesvarden."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-016-2019-z","article-title":"Time course, outcome and management of adverse drug reactions associated with metformin from patient\u2019s perspective: a prospective, observational cohort study in the Netherlands","volume":"72","author":"de Jong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3460-0","article-title":"Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centred approach. Update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes","volume":"58","author":"Inzucchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001076","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of metformin in 51 675 patients with type 2 diabetes and different levels of renal function: a cohort study from the Swedish National Diabetes Register","volume":"2","author":"Ekstrom","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002967.pub3","article-title":"Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus","author":"Salpeter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-2991-0","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of action of metformin: old or new insights?","volume":"56","author":"Rena","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0050","unstructured":"2017 [cited 2018 2018-09-06]; Statistics of Dispensed Pharmaceuticals In Sweden]. Available from: http:\/\/www.socialstyrelsen.se\/statistics."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(97)89422-3","article-title":"Metformin-associated lactic acidosis","volume":"101","author":"Pearlman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0060","unstructured":"Glucophage, M. [cited 2018 nov. 2018]; Available from: http:\/\/www.fass.se."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001002","article-title":"Extracorporeal treatment for metformin poisoning: systematic review and recommendations from the extracorporeal treatments in poisoning workgroup","volume":"43","author":"Calello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0070","article-title":"Alarming increase of the number of metformin intoxications. Ten times doubled number of inquiries to the Swedish Poison Information Center since 2000","author":"Personne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lkartidningen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6904-9-7","article-title":"Fatal drug poisonings in a Swedish general population","volume":"9","author":"Jonsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Clin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14071J","article-title":"A compilation of fatal and control concentrations of drugs in postmortem femoral blood","volume":"42","author":"Druid","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.01.005","article-title":"Sedative and hypnotic drugs--fatal and non-fatal reference blood concentrations","volume":"236","author":"Jonsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.05.002","article-title":"Antipsychotics - postmortem fatal and non-fatal reference concentrations","volume":"266","author":"Soderberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659809162603","article-title":"Compilations of therapeutic, toxic, and fatal concentrations of drugs","volume":"36","author":"Druid","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/31.5.254","article-title":"Reference concentrations of antidepressants. A compilation of postmortem and therapeutic levels","volume":"31","author":"Reis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14005J","article-title":"Computer-assisted systems for forensic pathology and forensic toxicology","volume":"41","author":"Druid","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-450","article-title":"External review and validation of the Swedish national inpatient register","volume":"11","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2016.1246605","article-title":"Validating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in the Swedish National Patient Register and the Swedish Quality Register for IBD (SWIBREG)","volume":"52","author":"Jakobsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1294","article-title":"The new Swedish Prescribed Drug Register\u2014opportunities for pharmacoepidemiological research and experience from the first six months","volume":"16","author":"Wettermark","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.4.1270","article-title":"The National Diabetes Register in Sweden: an implementation of the St. Vincent Declaration for Quality Improvement in Diabetes Care","volume":"26","author":"Gudbj\u00f6rnsdottir","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-009-9350-y","article-title":"The Swedish personal identity number: possibilities and pitfalls in healthcare and medical research","volume":"24","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"2-3","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.02.013","article-title":"Postmortem toxicology of drugs of abuse","volume":"142","author":"Drummer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-013-6798-0","article-title":"Liquid chromatography\/time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis of postmortem blood samples for targeted toxicological screening","volume":"405","author":"Roman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2012.01591.x","article-title":"Glucose-lowering treatment and clinical results in 163 121 patients with type 2 diabetes: an observational study from the Swedish national diabetes register","volume":"14","author":"Ekstr\u00f6m","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.2204","article-title":"A comparison of two methods for estimating refill adherence to statins in Sweden: the RARE project","volume":"20","author":"Les\u00e9n","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-008-0076-1","article-title":"Refill adherence to oral antihyperglycaemic drugs in Sweden","volume":"46","author":"Haupt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-014-1649-2","article-title":"Influence of refill adherence method when comparing level of adherence for different dosing regimens","volume":"70","author":"J\u00f6nsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-005-4797-8","article-title":"Refill non-adherence to repeat prescriptions leads to treatment gaps or to high extra costs","volume":"29","author":"Krigsman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharm. World Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2005.05.005","article-title":"Refill persistence with chronic medication assessed from a pharmacy database was influenced by method of calculation","volume":"59","author":"Van Wijk","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-015-1256-5","article-title":"Post-mortem analysis of lactate concentration in diabetics and metformin poisonings","volume":"129","author":"Keltanen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Legal Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bks076","article-title":"Fatal metformin intoxication with markedly elevated blood and liver concentrations","volume":"36","author":"Cantrell","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.03.003","article-title":"Range of therapeutic metformin concentrations in clinical blood samples and comparison to a forensic case with death due to lactic acidosis","volume":"286","author":"Hess","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-3023","article-title":"Risk of lactic acidosis or elevated lactate concentrations in metformin users with renal impairment: a population-based cohort study","volume":"37","author":"Eppenga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.19","article-title":"Metformin and other antidiabetic agents in renal failure patients","volume":"87","author":"Lalau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.10.014","article-title":"Metformin-associated lactic acidosis: current perspectives on causes and risk","volume":"65","author":"DeFronzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3109\/02813432.2013.788272","article-title":"The prevalence of potential alcohol-drug interactions in older adults","volume":"31","author":"Immonen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand. J. Prim. Health Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4342-z","article-title":"The mechanisms of action of metformin","volume":"60","author":"Rena","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-017-0574-5","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of metformin in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in older adults: a systematic review for the development of recommendations to reduce potentially inappropriate prescribing","volume":"17","author":"Schlender","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199508313330903","article-title":"Metabolic effects of metformin in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"333","author":"Stumvoll","year":"1995","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622318779760","article-title":"Assessing the incidence of acidosis in patients receiving metformin with and without risk factors for lactic acidosis","volume":"9","author":"Trinkley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Chronic Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/27.8.592","article-title":"Analysis of metformin in antemortem serum and postmortem specimens by a novel HPLC method and application to an intoxication case","volume":"27","author":"Moore","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1-3","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2008.12.017","article-title":"Postmortem identification of hyperglycemia","volume":"185","author":"Zilg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."}],"container-title":["Forensic Science International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0379073819303470?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0379073819303470?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,2]],"date-time":"2019-11-02T18:08:47Z","timestamp":1572718127000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0379073819303470"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S0379073819303470"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935","relation":{},"ISSN":["0379-0738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0379-0738","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Metformin \u2013 Postmortem fatal and non-fatal reference concentrations in femoral blood and risk factors associated with fatal intoxications","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Forensic Science International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109935","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109935"}}