{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T07:07:39Z","timestamp":1793084859786,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Forensic Science International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,28]],"date-time":"2020-02-28T19:54:36Z","timestamp":1582919676000},"page":"110220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Breaking the binary: The identification of trans-women in forensic anthropology"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"309","author":[{"given":"Jenna L.","family":"Schall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy L.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan C.","family":"Deschamps-Braly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2012.04.024","article-title":"Facial feminization surgery: current state of the art","volume":"41","author":"Altman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0010","series-title":"Not a Yes or No Question: Critical Perspectives on Sex and Gender in Forensic Anthropology [dissertation]","author":"Jones","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0015","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.transstudent.org\/about\/definitions\/. (accessed [October 10, 2018])."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0020","series-title":"Forensic Anthropology: Current Methods and Practice","author":"Christensen","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0025","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0030","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/gender-dysphoria\/. (accessed [October 10, 2018])."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/15532739.2011.700873","article-title":"Standards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender-nonconforming people","volume":"13","author":"Coleman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Transgenderism Version 7"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0040","series-title":"Bone Modification in Male to Female Transgender Surgeries: Considerations for the Forensic Anthropologist [dissertation]","author":"Buchanan","year":"2014"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-012-9989-4","article-title":"Biometric characteristics of the pelvis in female-male transsexuals","volume":"41","author":"Sitek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Sex. Behav."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-010-9668-7","article-title":"Quality of life of individuals with and without facial feminization surgery or gender reassignment surgery","volume":"19","author":"Ainsworth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1080\/01459740.2017.1298593","article-title":"Formations of femininity: science and aesthetics in facial feminization surgery","volume":"36","author":"Plemons","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0060","series-title":"The Look of a Woman: Facial Feminization Surgery and the Aims of Trans-Medicine","author":"Plemons","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS2003385","article-title":"Determining the sex of human remains through cranial morphology","volume":"50","author":"Rogers","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2006.00177.x","article-title":"Evaluating the accuracy and precision of cranial morphological traits for sex determination","volume":"51","author":"Williams","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.21187","article-title":"Facial determinants of female gender and feminizing forehead cranioplasty","volume":"121","author":"Spiegel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198705000-00003","article-title":"Feminization of the forehead: contour changing to improve female aesthetics","volume":"79","author":"Ousterhout","year":"1987","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0085","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.drbecky.com\/dko.html. (accessed [October 20, 2018])."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-0949(03)90010-2","article-title":"Forehead contouring with methyl methacrylate","volume":"9","author":"Ousterhout","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oper. Tech. Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0095","series-title":"Facial Feminization Surgery: A Guide for the Transgendered Woman","author":"Ousterhout","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2009.11.003","article-title":"Contouring the forehead and rhinoplasty in the feminization of the face in male-to-female transsexuals","volume":"38","author":"Dempf","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsc.2019.01.002","article-title":"Feminization of the chin: genioplasty using osteotomies","volume":"27","author":"Deschamps-Braly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Facial Plast. Surg. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0110","series-title":"Introduction to Fordisc 3 and Human Variation Statistics. Forensic Anthropology","first-page":"273","author":"Jantz","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0115","series-title":"FORDISC 3: Computerized Forensic Discriminant Functions. Version 3.1","author":"Jantz","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0120","series-title":"Data Collection Procedure for Forensic Skeletal Material. Report of Investigation N\u00b048","author":"Jantz","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0125","series-title":"Data Collection Procedures for Forensic Skeletal Material 2.0 2016","author":"Langley","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0130","series-title":"Cranial Variation in Man: A Study by Multivariate Analysis of Patterns of Difference Among Recent Human Populations. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology","author":"Howells","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0135","series-title":"A Data Base for Forensic Anthropology","author":"Jantz","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.03.011","article-title":"Accuracy and reliability in sex determination from skulls: a comparison of FORDISC 3.0 and the discriminant function analysis","volume":"208","author":"Guyomarc\u2019h","year":"2011","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-007-0199-x","article-title":"Accuracy of metric sex analysis of skeletal remains using Fordisc based on a recent skull collection","volume":"121","author":"Ramsthaler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Legal Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000003185","article-title":"First female-to-male facial confirmation surgery with description of a new procedure for masculinization of the thyroid cartilage (Adam\u2019s apple)","volume":"139","author":"Deschamps-Braly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000005387","article-title":"Special edition on transgender facial surgery","volume":"30","author":"Ousterhout","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0160","unstructured":"https:\/\/policyfix.ca\/2017\/01\/30\/violence-against-trans-people-in-canada-a-primer\/. (accessed [October 1, 2018])."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0165","series-title":"Report to the Nation: 2019 Factbook on Hate and Extremism in the U.S. & Internationally","author":"Nakashima","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0170","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.hrc.org\/resources\/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2019. (accessed [August 5, 2019])."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.03.005","article-title":"Accuracy and reliability of measurements obtained from computer tomography 3D volume rendered images","volume":"238","author":"Stull","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.03.017","article-title":"Digital forensic osteology\u2014possibilities in cooperation with the Virtopsy project","volume":"174","author":"Verhoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"issue":"1-3","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.12.010","volume":"195","author":"Ramsthaler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0190","series-title":"RadiAnt DICOM Viewer [Computer Software]","year":"2009"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sap.0000105522.32658.2f","article-title":"Reconstruction of post-traumatic frontal bone depression using hydroxyapatite cement","volume":"52","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000172690.55146.71","article-title":"Fracture patterns and bone healing in recurrent mandibular fractures: a clinical study of 13 patients","volume":"116","author":"Agir","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2018.08.142","article-title":"Concept of the new system for the mandible base fracture fixation","author":"Pachnicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."}],"container-title":["Forensic Science International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0379073820300827?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0379073820300827?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T18:00:37Z","timestamp":1759946437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0379073820300827"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S0379073820300827"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220","relation":{},"ISSN":["0379-0738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0379-0738","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Breaking the binary: The identification of trans-women in forensic anthropology","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Forensic Science International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110220","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110220"}}