{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T23:36:31Z","timestamp":1793835391399,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Forensic Science International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T02:31:16Z","timestamp":1610591476000},"page":"110686","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Isotonitazene: Fatal intoxication in three cases involving this unreported novel psychoactive substance in Switzerland"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"320","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0310-3633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9137-8663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Bogdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6209-0705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B.","family":"Pfeiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Andrello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4308-0405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Ceschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Grata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2738","article-title":"Report on a novel emerging class of highly potent benzimidazole NPS opioids: chemical and in vitro functional characterization of isotonitazene","volume":"12","author":"Blanckaert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaa016","article-title":"Isotonitazene quantitation and metabolite discovery in authentic forensic casework","volume":"44","author":"Krotulski","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0015","series-title":"NPS Discovery: 40 Americans are Dying Every Month from Taking This New, Legal Opioid","year":"2020"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1966.tb07782.x","article-title":"Ionisation constants and partition coefficients of some analgesically active 2-benzylbenzimidazole derivatives and related compounds","volume":"18","author":"Casy","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0025","article-title":"Critical review report: ISOTONITAZENE","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020","journal-title":"43rd Expert Committee on Drug Dependence 2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0030","series-title":"EMCDDA Technical Report on the New Psychoactive Substance N,N-diethyl-2-[[4-(1-methylethoxy)phenyl]methyl]-5-nitro-1Hbenzimidazole-1-ethanamine (isotonitazene)","author":"EMCDDA","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.12053","article-title":"Changes of clinical symptoms in patients with new psychoactive substance (NPS)-related disorders from fiscal year 2012 to 2014: a study in hospitals specializing in the treatment of addiction","volume":"39","author":"Funada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol. Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.12297","article-title":"A systematic review of the effects of novel psychoactive substances\u2019 legal highs\u2019 on people with severe mental illness","volume":"23","author":"Gray","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Ment. Health Nurs."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2591","article-title":"Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) use in severe mental illness (SMI) patients: potential changes in the phenomenology of psychiatric diseases","volume":"32","author":"Bersani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-102059","article-title":"New psychoactive substances (NPS) \u2013 a challenge for the addiction treatment services","volume":"50","author":"Scherbaum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"issue":"9566","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60464-4","article-title":"Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse","volume":"369","author":"Nutt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.10.020","article-title":"Structural characterization of the new synthetic cannabinoids CUMYL-PINACA, 5F-CUMYL-PINACA, CUMYL-4CN-BINACA, 5F-CUMYL-P7AICA and CUMYL-4CN-B7AICA","volume":"281","author":"Bovens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0065","unstructured":"WATER (Switzerland). UNIFI Scientific Information System. https:\/\/www.waters.com\/waters\/en_GB\/high-resolution-ms-non-targeted-screening\/nav.htm?locale=en_GB&cid=134779723."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0070","series-title":"Bestimmung von Drogen und Medikamenten in Haarproben","author":"SGRM Scheizerische Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Recthmedizin","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0075","series-title":"Guideline on Bioanalytical Method Validation","author":"European Medicines Agency","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkx063","article-title":"Disposition of toxic drugs and chemicals in man\u201411th edition","volume":"42","author":"Middleberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0085","series-title":"Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man","author":"Baselt","year":"2018"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02161116","article-title":"Synthesis of analgesically active benzimidazole derivatives with basic substitutions","volume":"13","author":"Hunger","year":"1957","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-020-00552-9","article-title":"Etazene (N,N\u2011diethyl\u20112\u2011{[(4\u2011ethoxyphenyl) methyl]\u20111H\u2011benzimidazol\u20111\u2011yl}\u2011ethan\u20111\u2011amine (dihydrochloride)): a novel benzimidazole opioid NPS identified in seized material: crystal structure and spectroscopic characterization","volume":"39","author":"Siczek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Forensic Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0100","series-title":"NPS Discovery","article-title":"Metonitazene","author":"Krotulski","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e31823d29ad","article-title":"Normal organ weights in men: part II-the brain, lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys","volume":"33","author":"Molina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.06.027","article-title":"Analysis of pain management drugs, specifically fentanyl, in hair: application to forensic specimens","volume":"176","author":"Moore","year":"2008","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.110137","article-title":"Development of an UPLC-MS\/MS method for the analysis of 16 synthetic opioids in segmented hair, and evaluation of the polydrug history in fentanyl analogue users","volume":"307","author":"Ramirez Fernandez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-9130-3","article-title":"Evaluation of drug incorporation into hair segments and nails by enantiomeric analysis following controlled single MDMA intakes","volume":"408","author":"Madry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.01.032","article-title":"Biochemical investigations performed in pericardial fluid in forensic cases that underwent postmortem angiography","volume":"297","author":"Palmiere","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2009.01.028","article-title":"Evaluation of postmortem calcium and magnesium levels in the pericardial fluid with regard to the cause of death in medicolegal autopsy","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Leg. Med. (Tokyo)"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.10.036","article-title":"Comprehensive evaluation of pericardial biochemical markers in death investigation","volume":"224","author":"Kawamoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.26","article-title":"Substitution of (R,S)-methadone by (R)-methadone: impact on QTc interval","volume":"170","author":"Ansermot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03256574","article-title":"Cocaine cardiotoxicity: a review of the pathophysiology, pathology, and treatment options","volume":"9","author":"Phillips","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0150","first-page":"225","article-title":"Cocaine long-term administration induces myocardial depressant effects and adrenoceptors desensitization","volume":"53","author":"Romero Vecchione","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Cient. Venez."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaa103","article-title":"A comprehensive HPLC-MS-MS screening method for 77 new psychoactive substances, 24 classic drugs and 18 related metabolites in blood, urine and oral fluid","volume":"44","author":"Trana","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2819","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-020-02855-7","article-title":"In vitro functional characterization of a panel of non-fentanyl opioid new psychoactive substances","volume":"94","author":"Vandeputte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."}],"container-title":["Forensic Science International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0379073821000062?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0379073821000062?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T18:04:26Z","timestamp":1759946666000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0379073821000062"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["S0379073821000062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686","relation":{},"ISSN":["0379-0738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0379-0738","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Isotonitazene: Fatal intoxication in three cases involving this unreported novel psychoactive substance in Switzerland","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Forensic Science International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110686","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110686"}}