{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:36:20Z","timestamp":1791387380446,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Forensic Science International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T07:22:06Z","timestamp":1624519326000},"page":"110883","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Summary statistics for drugs and alcohol concentration recovered in post-mortem femoral blood in Western Switzerland"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"325","author":[{"given":"Elodie","family":"Lefrancois","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Reymond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lien","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christelle","family":"Lardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Fracasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Augsburger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib1","series-title":"Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man","author":"Baselt","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.02.017","article-title":"Fatal blood and tissue concentrations of more than 200 drugs","volume":"142","author":"Musshof","year":"2004","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11441","article-title":"Therapeutic and toxic blood concentrations of nearly 1,000 drugs and other xenobiotics","volume":"16","author":"Schulz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Care."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(01)00483-2","article-title":"Drug and chemical blood-level data 2001","volume":"122","author":"Winek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.05.020","article-title":"Post-mortem toxicology","volume":"165","author":"Drummer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2012-040488","article-title":"Interpretation of postmortem forensic toxicology results for injury prevention research","volume":"19","author":"Drummer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inj. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199409000-00010","article-title":"Postmortem redistribution and degradation of dothiepin human case studies and an animal model","volume":"15","author":"Pounder","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810701352788","article-title":"Toxicological investigation of drug-related cases in Greece: interpretation of analytical findings","volume":"26","author":"Stefanidou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14071J","article-title":"A compilation of fatal and control concentrations of drugs in postmortem femoral blood","volume":"42","author":"Druid","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.01.005","article-title":"Sedative and hypnotic drugs\u2014Fatal and non-fatal reference blood concentrations","volume":"236","author":"J\u00f6nsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1258\/rsmmsl.49.4.257","article-title":"Concentration distributions of the drugs most frequently identified in post-mortem femoral blood representing all causes of death","volume":"49","author":"Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Law."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2655","article-title":"Summary statistics for drug concentrations in post-mortem femoral blood representing all causes of death","volume":"11","author":"Ketola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1507","article-title":"Drug concentrations in post-mortem femoral blood compared with therapeutic concentrations in plasma","volume":"6","author":"Launiainen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4347(92)80526-V","article-title":"Systematic toxicological analysis of drugs and their metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"580","author":"Maurer","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(99)00156-5","article-title":"Fatal flecainide intoxication","volume":"106","author":"Romain","year":"1999","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.02.014","article-title":"First nationwide study on driving under the influence of drugs in Switzerland","volume":"198","author":"Senna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2005.04.025","article-title":"Concentration of drugs in blood of suspected impaired drivers","volume":"153","author":"Augsburger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2014.12.005","article-title":"Postmortem computed tomography angiography, contrast medium administration and toxicological analyses in urine","volume":"17","author":"Palmiere","year":"2015","journal-title":"Leg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(99)00266-2","article-title":"Systematic toxicological analysis procedures for acidic drugs and\/or metabolites relevant to clinical and forensic toxicology and\/or doping control","volume":"733","author":"Maurer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/27.4.233","article-title":"Selectivity of substance identification by HPLC-DAD in toxicological analysis using a UV spectra library of 2682 compounds","volume":"27","author":"Herzler","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12130","article-title":"A new approach for the carbon monoxide (CO) exposure diagnosis: measurement of total co in human blood versus carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO)","volume":"58","author":"Varlet","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bky084","article-title":"Total blood carbon monoxide: alternative to carboxyhemoglobin as biological marker for carbon monoxide poisoning determination","volume":"43","author":"Oliverio","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/29.8.777","article-title":"Detection of exogenous GHB in blood by gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry: implications in postmortem toxicology","volume":"29","author":"Saudan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110292","article-title":"The importance of sample size with regard to the robustness of postmortem reference values","volume":"311","author":"S\u00f6derberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib25","unstructured":"Office F\u00e9d\u00e9ral de la Statistique Suisse, D\u00e9c\u00e8s selon le canton et l\u2032\u00e2ge 1970\u20132017., (2017). \u3008https:\/\/www.bfs.admin.ch\/bfs\/fr\/home\/statistiques\/population\/naissances-deces\/deces.html\u3009 (accessed December 7, 2017)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib26","unstructured":"RS 741.013.1 Ordonnance de l\u2032OFROU du 22 mai 2008 concernant l\u2032ordonnance sur le contr\u00f4le de la circulation routi\u00e8re (OOCCR-OFROU), n.d. \u3008https:\/\/www.admin.ch\/opc\/fr\/classified-compilation\/20080078\/index.html\u3009 (accessed October 15, 2020)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659809162603","article-title":"Compilations of therapeutic, toxic, and fatal concentrations of drugs","volume":"36","author":"Druid","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/31.5.254","article-title":"Reference concentrations of antidepressants. A compilation of postmortem and therapeutic levels","volume":"31","author":"Reis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(01)00481-9","article-title":"Flunitrazepam: an evaluation of use, abuse and toxicity","volume":"122","author":"Druid","year":"2001","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14781J","article-title":"Postmortem redistribution of morphine and its metabolites","volume":"45","author":"Gerostamoulos","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000217197.96784.c3","article-title":"Morphine-6-glucuronide: Morphine\u2019s successor for postoperative pain relief?","volume":"102","author":"van Dorp","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib32","unstructured":"J.-F. Savary, C. Hallam, D. Bewley-Taylor, The Swiss Four Pillars Policy: An evolution from local experimentation to federal law, Beckley Found. Drug Policy Programme. (2009). \u3008http:\/\/www.grea.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/briefingpaper_18.pdf\u3009 (accessed February 21, 2017)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/0959523021000023171","article-title":"Methadone dose and post-mortem blood concentration","volume":"21","author":"Caplehorn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.07.011","article-title":"Comparison of fatal poisonings by prescription opioids","volume":"222","author":"H\u00e4kkinen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkt085","article-title":"Opioid overdose mortality in Kansas, 2001\u20132011: toxicologic evaluation of intent","volume":"37","author":"Okic","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/19.6.333","article-title":"Immunoassay detection of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine metabolites in blood","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-031156","article-title":"Patterns of benzodiazepine prescription among older adults in Switzerland: a cross-sectional analysis of claims data","volume":"10","author":"Luta","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/32.7.511","article-title":"Stability of benzodiazepines and cocaine in blood spots stored on filter paper","volume":"32","author":"Alfazil","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.07.011","article-title":"Cocaine-related deaths: an enigma still under investigation","volume":"176","author":"Bertol","year":"2008","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199903000-00010","article-title":"Exit association-mediated suicide: toxicologic and forensic aspects","volume":"20","author":"Giroud","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1177\/002580249003000203","article-title":"The blood alcohol concentration at post-mortem in 175 fatal cases of alcohol intoxication","volume":"30","author":"Heatley","year":"1990","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Law."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-018-0169-4","article-title":"Epidemiology of alcohol-related unintentional drowning: is post-mortem ethanol production a real challenge?","volume":"5","author":"Pajunen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inj. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.06.015","article-title":"Drug poisoning deaths in Sweden show a predominance of ethanol in mono-intoxications, adverse drug\u2013alcohol interactions and poly-drug use","volume":"206","author":"Jones","year":"2011","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1191\/0960327103ht324oa","article-title":"Interaction of alcohol and drugs in fatal poisonings","volume":"22","author":"Koski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib45","first-page":"103","article-title":"La redistribution post mortem: \u00e9tat des lieux en 2016","volume":"28","author":"P\u00e9lissier-Alicot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Anal. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-005-0022-5","article-title":"Post-mortem redistribution of three beta-blockers in the rabbit","volume":"120","author":"P\u00e9lissier-Alicot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib47","unstructured":"Mass Spectral and GC Data of Drugs, Poisons, Pesticides, Pollutants, and Their Metabolites, 5th Edition Hans H. Maurer, Karl Pfleger, Armin A. Weber ISBN: 978-3-527-34287-7, 2016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib48","unstructured":"Wiley Registry 10th Edition \/ NIST 2012 Mass Spectral Library Wiley ISBN: 978-1-118-61611-6."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib49","unstructured":"National Institute of Standards and Technology mass spectral library Wiley, NIST; ISBN: 978-1-119-41223-6Sep 2017."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883_bib50","unstructured":"Pragst, Fritz, Matthias Herzler, Sieglinde Herre, Bj\u00f6rn-Thoralf Erxleben, et Michael Rothe. UV Spectra of Toxic Compounds, 2001."}],"container-title":["Forensic Science International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0379073821002036?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0379073821002036?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T18:07:53Z","timestamp":1759946873000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0379073821002036"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S0379073821002036"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883","relation":{},"ISSN":["0379-0738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0379-0738","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Summary statistics for drugs and alcohol concentration recovered in post-mortem femoral blood in Western Switzerland","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Forensic Science International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110883","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110883"}}