{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T22:01:33Z","timestamp":1788904893749,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001338","name":"University of Capetown","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001338","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013116","name":"University Research Committee, Emory University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013116","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007112","name":"University of Cape Town","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007112","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Forensic Science International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T16:43:06Z","timestamp":1720111386000},"page":"112142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Hiding the evidence: Preliminary investigation of heat-induced alterations to pre-existing saw mark trauma"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"361","author":[{"given":"Enya K.","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shameemah","family":"Abrahams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calvin G.","family":"Mole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation, Burns. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/burns, 2023. (accessed December 26, 2023)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib2","first-page":"7","article-title":"Burn care in South Africa","volume":"24","author":"Rode","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Burns Fire Disasters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-374","article-title":"Demographic and circumstantial accounts of burn mortality in Cape Town, South Africa, 2001-2004: An observational register based study","volume":"9","author":"Van Niekerk","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Pub. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2024.01.001","article-title":"Fire deaths in Cape town, South Africa: A retrospective review of medico-legal and toxicological findings (2006 \u2013 2018)","volume":"50","author":"Davies","year":"2024","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17159\/sajs.2021\/8288","article-title":"A 5-year overview of fatal thermal and electrical burns in Johannesburg, South Africa","volume":"117","author":"Keyes","year":"2021","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2011.07.014","article-title":"Epidemiology of fatal burns in rural South Africa: A mortuary register-based study from Mpumalanga Province","volume":"37","author":"Blom","year":"2011","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2005.04.040","article-title":"Criminal burning","volume":"158","author":"Fanton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2021.101868","article-title":"Cut or burned? \u2013 Categorizing morphological characteristics of heat-induced fractures and sharp force trauma","volume":"50","author":"Mata Tutor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2008.09.019","article-title":"The forensic evaluation of burned skeletal remains: A synthesis","volume":"183","author":"Ubelaker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.23907\/2016.004","article-title":"Postmortem change and its effect on evaluation of fractures","volume":"6","author":"Kemp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acad. Forensic Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib11","unstructured":"E. Hughes, Variation of tool mark characteristics in frozen bone as it relates to dismemberment, University of Montana, 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11010087","article-title":"Identifying blunt force traumatic injury on thermally altered remains: A pilot study using Sus scrofa","volume":"11","author":"Keys","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-020-02447-1","article-title":"Through fire and flames: post-burning survival and detection of dismemberment-related toolmarks in cremated cadavers","volume":"135","author":"Mata-Tutor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib14","series-title":"Criminal dismemberment: Forensic and investigative Analysis","first-page":"113","article-title":"The role of forensic anthropology in cases of dismemberment","author":"Hackman","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14628","article-title":"An assessment of the reliability of cut surface characteristics to distinguish between hand-powered reciprocating saw blades in cases of experimental dismemberment","volume":"66","author":"Martlin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-006-0120-z","article-title":"Cutting crime: the analysis of the \u201cuniqueness\u201d of saw marks on bone","volume":"121","author":"Saville","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib17","series-title":"Knife and saw toolmark analysis in bone: A manual designed for the examination of criminal mutilation and dismemberment","author":"Symes","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib18","unstructured":"S.A. Symes, Morphology of saw marks in human bone: Identification of class characteristics, University of Tennessee, 1992."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-4403(84)90013-X","article-title":"Burnt bones and teeth: An experimental study of color, morphology, crystal structure and shrinkage","volume":"11","author":"Shipman","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Archeol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scijus.2014.12.002","article-title":"Estimating temperature exposure of burnt bone \u2014 A methodological review","volume":"55","author":"Ellingham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Justice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS2004297","article-title":"Heat-induced dimensional changes in bone and their consequences for forensic anthropology","volume":"50","author":"Thompson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-021-02726-5","article-title":"Knife cut marks inflicted by different blade types and the changes induced by heat: a dimensional and morphological study","volume":"136","author":"Vachirawongsakorn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.11.012","article-title":"Effects of temperature on bone tissue. Histological study of the changes in the bone matrix","volume":"226","author":"Castillo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib24","first-page":"98","article-title":"An analysis of cremations from three Michigan sites","volume":"44","author":"Binford","year":"1963","journal-title":"Wis. Archaeol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib25","first-page":"952","article-title":"Burning questions: Investigations using field experimentation of different patterns of change to bone in accidental vs deliberate burning scenarios","volume":"20","author":"Carroll","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2015.08.009","article-title":"Thermogravimetric analysis of property changes and weight loss in incinerated bone","volume":"438","author":"Ellingham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14495J","article-title":"The differentiation of traumatic and heat-related fractures in burned bone","volume":"44","author":"Herrmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib28","first-page":"113","article-title":"Detection of skeletal trauma on whole pigs subjected to a fire environment","volume":"2","author":"Koch","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anthropol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS2003286","article-title":"Identification of traumatic injury in burned cranial bone: An experimental approach","volume":"49","author":"Pope","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-019-00118-1","article-title":"Differentiation between perimortem trauma and heat-induced damage: The use of perimortem traits on burnt long bones","volume":"15","author":"Galt\u00e9s","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Med. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1558\/aefs.35927","article-title":"Effects of heat as a taphonomic agent on kerf dimensions","volume":"1","author":"Vegh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Archaeol. Environ. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12050","article-title":"SEM and stereomicroscopic analysis of cut marks in fresh and burned bone","volume":"58","author":"Kooi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2009.01044.x","article-title":"A preliminary assessment of the identification of saw marks on burned bone","volume":"54","author":"Marciniak","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-021-02627-7","article-title":"Measuring dimensional and morphological heat alterations of dismemberment-related toolmarks with an optical roughness metre","volume":"136","author":"Mata-Tutor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib35","unstructured":"S.A. Symes, D.C. Dirkmaat, S. Ousley, E. Chapman, L. Cabo, Recovery and interpretation of burned human remains, research report 237966, Mercyhurst Archaeological institute, Mercyhurst College, Erie, Pennsylvania, 2012."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1006\/jasc.1999.0452","article-title":"The effect of castration and age on the development of the Shetland sheep skeleton and a metric comparison between bones of males, females and castrates","volume":"27","author":"Davis","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1080\/00450618.2018.1429017","article-title":"Biomechanical analysis of controlled tibial blunt force trauma","volume":"51","author":"Dempsey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust. J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12797","article-title":"Interpreting injury mechanisms of blunt force trauma from butterfly fracture formation","volume":"60","author":"Reber","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.03.014","article-title":"Sharp and blunt force trauma concealment by thermal alteration in homicides: An in-vitro experiment for methodology and protocol development in forensic anthropological analysis of burnt bones","volume":"275","author":"Macoveciuc","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.06.023","article-title":"Saw marks in bones: A study of \u201csecondary features\u201d of false start lesions","volume":"290","author":"Nogueira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2017.03.061","article-title":"Informal settlement fires in South Africa: Fire engineering overview and full-scale tests on \u201cshacks","volume":"91","author":"Walls","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fire Saf. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110899","article-title":"Investigating reverse butterfly fractures: An experimental approach and application of fractography","volume":"325","author":"Isa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S182","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12580","article-title":"Interpreting the effects of burning on pre-incineration saw marks in bone","volume":"60","author":"Robbins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib44","unstructured":"S. Marciniak, Postmortem dismemberment and fire exposure: The identification of saw mark characteristics on burned bone, Trent University, 2008."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.09.063","article-title":"Recent advances in the study of burned bone and their implications for forensic anthropology","volume":"146S","author":"Thompson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14150","article-title":"Determining volumetric shrinkage trends of burned bone using micro-CT","volume":"65","author":"Ellingham","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS15506J","article-title":"Identifying chop marks on cremated bone: A preliminary study","volume":"47","author":"de Gruchy","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.12.018","article-title":"Effects of heat on cut mark characteristics","volume":"271","author":"Waltenberger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib49","unstructured":"National Research Council, Strengthening forensic science in the United States: A path forward, Natl. Acad. Sci. (2009)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib50","unstructured":"Forensic science in criminal courts: Ensuring scientific validity of feature-comparison methods, Executive Office of the President President\u2019s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology Law Review, 2016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2023.111857","article-title":"Saw marks in bone: A preliminary empirical study to inform decision making and best practice","volume":"353","author":"Dupouy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scijus.2013.11.003","article-title":"Cognitive bias in forensic anthropology: Visual assessment of skeletal remains is susceptible to confirmation bias","volume":"54","author":"Nakhaeizadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Justice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib53","first-page":"21","article-title":"Reliability and validity of forensic science evidence","volume":"16","author":"Stern","year":"2019","journal-title":"R. Stat. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS15148J","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of sharp-force trauma: An application of scanning electron microscopy in forensic anthropology","volume":"46","author":"Bartelink","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.12.039","article-title":"The cutting edge\u2014Micro-CT for quantitative toolmark analysis of sharp force trauma to bone","volume":"283","author":"Norman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.03.032","article-title":"A stab in the dark: Design and construction of a novel device for conducting incised knife trauma investigations and its initial test","volume":"262","author":"Humphrey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-017-1649-8","article-title":"Macroscopic and stereomicroscopic comparison of hacking trauma of bones before and after carbonization","volume":"132","author":"Alunni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.M. Dittmar, Cut to the bone, in: D. Errickson, T. Thompson (Eds.), Human Remains: Another Dimension, Academic Press, London, 2017: pp. 45\u201346.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804602-9.00005-9"}],"container-title":["Forensic Science International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0379073824002238?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0379073824002238?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T05:17:56Z","timestamp":1728364676000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0379073824002238"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["S0379073824002238"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142","relation":{},"ISSN":["0379-0738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0379-0738","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Hiding the evidence: Preliminary investigation of heat-induced alterations to pre-existing saw mark trauma","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Forensic Science International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112142","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112142"}}