{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:21:20Z","timestamp":1792588880029,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Forensic Science International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T19:24:21Z","timestamp":1737141861000},"page":"112378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Improving first responder forensic capabilities: On-site detection and quantification of explosive precursors using portable near-infrared spectroscopy and machine learning"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"368","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0511-2282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Flore","family":"Prior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Rochat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jade","family":"Chevalley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florentin","family":"Coppey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Esseiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Simoens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Del\u00e9mont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib1","unstructured":"Official Journal of the European Union, Regulation (EU) 2019\/1148 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on the marketing and use of explosives precursors, amending Regulation (EC) No 1907\/2006 and repealing Regulation (EU) No 98\/2013, 2019. \u3008https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=celex%3A32019R1148\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib2","series-title":"Portable Spectrosc. Spectrom.","first-page":"545","article-title":"The future of portable spectroscopy","author":"Crocombe","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib3","series-title":"Portable Spectrosc. Spectrom.","first-page":"347","article-title":"Handheld Raman, SERS, and SORS","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib4","series-title":"Portable Spectrosc. Spectrom.","first-page":"125","article-title":"Forensic applications of portable spectrometers","author":"Kammrath","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib5","series-title":"Portable Spectrosc. Spectrom.","first-page":"149","article-title":"Military applications of portable spectroscopy","author":"Samuels","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/05704928.2011.625748","article-title":"New developments and applications of handheld Raman, mid-infrared, and near-infrared spectrometers","volume":"47","author":"Sorak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib7","author":"Thurman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Performance of a Handheld Raman Spectrometer for Explosives Identification"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.08.002","article-title":"Determination of hydrogen peroxide concentration using a handheld Raman spectrometer: detection of an explosives precursor","volume":"216","author":"Stewart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11081364","article-title":"Recent developments in spectroscopic techniques for the detection of explosives","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1255\/jnirs.353","article-title":"Determination of hydrogen peroxide by near infrared spectroscopy","volume":"11","author":"Pimenta","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Infrared Spectrosc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2004.04.004","article-title":"Rapid determination of hydrogen peroxide in whitening patches for teeth using a new portable near-infrared spectrometer","volume":"78","author":"Woo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1177\/0003702820987281","article-title":"Chemometrics and experimental design for the quantification of nitrate salts in nitric acid: near-infrared spectroscopy absorption analysis","volume":"75","author":"Sadergaski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib13","series-title":"Portable Spectrosc. Spectrom.","first-page":"67","article-title":"PAT applications of NIR spectroscopy in the pharmaceutical industry","author":"Sacr\u00e9","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib14","series-title":"Infrared Spectrosc","first-page":"11","article-title":"Principles and characteristics of NIR spectroscopy","author":"Ozaki","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib15","series-title":"Portable Spectrosc. Spectrom.","first-page":"43","article-title":"Library and method development for portable instrumentation: a case study approach","author":"Schreyer","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib16","series-title":"Portable Spectrosc. Spectrom.","first-page":"499","article-title":"Portable spectroscopy for cultural heritage: applications and practical challenges","author":"Pozzi","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib17","series-title":"Gener. Spectrosc. Technol. XII","first-page":"7","article-title":"A smart handheld Raman spectrometer with cloud and AI deep learning algorithm for mixture analysis","author":"Chandler","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib18","series-title":"Portable Spectrosc. Spectrom.","first-page":"19","article-title":"Identification and confirmation algorithms for handheld analyzers","author":"Zhang","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib19","series-title":"Portable Spectrosc. Spectrom.","first-page":"115","article-title":"Portable Raman Spectroscopy: instrumentation and technology","author":"Rathmell","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.C. Roberts, W. Al-Hamdani, Who can you trust in the cloud?: a review of security issues within cloud computing, in: Proc. 2011 Inf. Secur. Curric. Dev. Conf., ACM, Kennesaw Georgia, 2011: pp. 15\u201319. \u3008https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2047456.2047458\u3009.","DOI":"10.1145\/2047456.2047458"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib21","unstructured":"RS 941.421, Ordonnance sur les pr\u00e9curseurs de substances explosibles (OPSE), (2022). \u3008https:\/\/www.fedlex.admin.ch\/eli\/cc\/2022\/353\/fr\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110498","article-title":"Providing illicit drugs results in five seconds using ultra-portable NIR technology: an opportunity for forensic laboratories to cope with the trend toward the decentralization of forensic capabilities","volume":"317","author":"Coppey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib23","unstructured":"VIAVI Solutions Inc., VIAVI MicroNIR OnSite-W - Data sheet, (2021). \u3008https:\/\/www.viavisolutions.com\/en-us\/literature\/micronir-onsite-w-data-sheets-en.pdf\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib24","unstructured":"Analyticon handled power, Droplet sampler, (2023). \u3008https:\/\/www.analyticon.eu\/en\/nir-accessories.html\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib25","unstructured":"Solvay Chemicals, Inc., HYDROGEN PEROXIDE - Concentration Determination 20-70% - Technical Data Sheet, (2019). \u3008https:\/\/www.solvay.com\/sites\/g\/files\/srpend221\/files\/2019-10\/H2O2%20Determination%20of%20Hydrogen%20Peroxide%20Concentration%20-20%20to%2070-.pdf\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib26","series-title":"Infrared Spectrosc","first-page":"127","article-title":"NIR data exploration and regression by chemometrics\u2014a primer","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib27","unstructured":"NIRLAB, Identify anything anywhere in seconds, (2023). \u3008https:\/\/nirlab.com\/\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1969.10490666","article-title":"Computer aided design of experiments","volume":"11","author":"Kennard","year":"1969","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib29","unstructured":"ICH, ICH Q2(R2) Guideline on validation of analytical procedures, European Medicines Agency, 2023. \u3008https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/ich-q2r2-validation-analytical-procedures-scientific-guideline\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12286","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.9b03021","article-title":"Data fusion of Raman and near-infrared spectroscopies for the rapid quantitative analysis of methanol content in methanol\u2013gasoline","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2018.03.019","article-title":"Concentration determination of inorganic acids that do not absorb near-infrared (NIR) radiation through recognizing perturbed NIR water bands by them and investigation of accuracy dependency on their acidities","volume":"139","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib32","unstructured":"Google Developers, Static vs. Dynamic Training, (2022). \u3008https:\/\/developers.google.com\/machine-learning\/crash-course\/static-vs-dynamic-training\/video-lecture\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.12.028","article-title":"The contribution of forensic science to crime analysis and investigation: forensic intelligence","volume":"156","author":"Ribaux","year":"2006","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpc.2022.06.005","article-title":"Synthesis of explosive peroxides using unrecognised explosive precursors - percarbonates and perborates","author":"Pawlus","year":"2022","journal-title":"FirePhysChem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378_bib35","series-title":"Handb. Secur. Sci.","first-page":"1","article-title":"Explosive threats: the challenges they present and approaches to countering them","author":"Hotchkiss","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["Forensic Science International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0379073825000167?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0379073825000167?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T15:38:47Z","timestamp":1769182727000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0379073825000167"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["S0379073825000167"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378","relation":{},"ISSN":["0379-0738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0379-0738","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Improving first responder forensic capabilities: On-site detection and quantification of explosive precursors using portable near-infrared spectroscopy and machine learning","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Forensic Science International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112378","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112378"}}