{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T17:51:23Z","timestamp":1787593883930,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31472290"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31472290"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31772859"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31772859"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Fish & Shellfish Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,13]],"date-time":"2018-12-13T04:42:58Z","timestamp":1544676178000},"page":"785-793","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The comparisons in protective mechanisms and efficiencies among dietary \u03b1-lipoic acid, \u03b2-glucan and l-carnitine on Nile tilapia infected by Aeromonas hydrophila"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Dong-Liang","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6063-2745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samwel Mchele","family":"Limbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Bo","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Qiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei-Ling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen-Yu","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2644.12017","article-title":"More rapid and severe disease outbreaks for aquaculture at the tropics: implications for food security","volume":"50","author":"Leung","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-012-9710-5","article-title":"Beta-glucan: an ideal immunostimulant in aquaculture (a review)","volume":"39","author":"Meena","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-305X(01)00038-6","article-title":"Innate host defense mechanisms of fish against viruses and bacteria","volume":"25","author":"Ellis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2011.08.005","article-title":"Two catalase homologs are involved in host protection against bacterial infection and oxidative stress in Crassostrea hongkongensis","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.10.305","article-title":"Impact of oxidative stress on the health and immune function of dairy cattle","volume":"128","author":"Sordillo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2016.05.012","article-title":"Lactobacillus acidophilus attenuates Aeromonas hydrophila induced cytotoxicity in catla thymus macrophages by modulating oxidative stress and inflammation","volume":"75","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv373","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction, depleted purinergic signaling, and defective T cell vigilance and Immune defense","volume":"213","author":"Ledderose","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(00)01593-0","article-title":"Bioenergetics of immune functions: fundamental and therapeutic aspects","volume":"21","author":"Buttgereit","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.07.058","article-title":"Inhibited fatty acid \u03b2-oxidation impairs stress resistance ability in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)","volume":"68","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2008.06.011","article-title":"Modulation of antioxidant and detoxification responses mediated by lipoic acid in the fish Corydoras paleatus (Callychthyidae)","volume":"148","author":"Monserrat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2015.05.023","article-title":"Biochemical responses over time in common carp Cyprinus carpio (Teleostei, Cyprinidae) during fed supplementation with \u03b1-lipoic acid","volume":"188","author":"Enamorado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol., A: Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2014.03.008","article-title":"Antioxidant and toxicological effects elicited by alpha-lipoic acid in aquatic organisms","volume":"162","author":"K\u00fctter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2011.04.007","article-title":"Chemoprotection of lipoic acid against microcystin-induced toxicosis in common carp (Cyprinus carpio, Cyprinidae)","volume":"154","author":"Amado","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/10236244.2014.940702","article-title":"Modulation of antioxidant and detoxification responses induced by lipoic acid in the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) subjected to hypoxia and re-oxygenation","volume":"47","author":"Martins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Freshw. Behav. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.06.057","article-title":"Optimal \u03b1-lipoic acid strengthen immunity of young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) by enhancing immune function of head kidney, spleen and skin","volume":"80","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2010.01.017","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effect of dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae, \u03b2-glucan and laminaran in mercuric chloride treated Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and experimentally infected with Aeromonas hydrophila","volume":"28","author":"El-Boshy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2014.05.004","article-title":"Non-specific immune parameters and physiological response of Nile tilapia fed \u03b2-glucan and vitamin C for different periods and submitted to stress and bacterial challenge","volume":"39","author":"Barros","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2009.02.007","article-title":"\u03b2-Glucan administration enhances disease resistance and some innate immune responses in zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"27","author":"Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.03.015","article-title":"Effect of dietary \u03b2-glucan on growth, survival and regulation of immune processes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected by Aeromonas salmonicida","volume":"64","author":"Ji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2006.06.011","article-title":"Adjuvant and immunostimulatory effects of beta-glucan administration in combination with lipopolysaccharide enhances survival and some immune parameters in carp challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila","volume":"114","author":"Selvaraj","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib21","first-page":"212","article-title":"The effect of beta-1.3\/1.6 - glucan in diets on the effectiveness of anti-Yersinia ruckeri vaccine - an experimental study in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","volume":"26","author":"Siwicki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2009.06.006","article-title":"Effect of beta-glucan on activity of antioxidant enzymes and Mx gene expression in virus infected grass carp","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2005.04.007","article-title":"l-Carnitine and its attributed functions in fish culture and nutrition\u2014a review","volume":"249","author":"Harpaz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib24","first-page":"1","article-title":"The metabolic regulation of dietary L-carnitine in aquaculture nutrition: present status and future research strategies","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Aquacult."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-7345.1994.tb00178.x","article-title":"Dietary carnitine and lysine affect channel catfish lipid and protein composition","volume":"25","author":"Burtle","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. World Aquacult. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2012.02.002","article-title":"Effects of dietary L-carnitine, plant proteins and lipid levels on growth performance, body composition, blood traits and muscular carnitine status in juvenile silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus)","volume":"342","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib27","series-title":"Inter. Conf. Vet. Res. Div., NRC: Cairo, Egypt","first-page":"161","article-title":"Effect of L-carnitine or its precursor on growth, feed utilization and body composition of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)","author":"Soltan","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/10454438.2011.626361","article-title":"Dietary L-carnitine supplementation protected Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) against Streptococcus parauberis infection","volume":"23","author":"Dias","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Aquacult."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib29","first-page":"1","article-title":"The influence of maggot meal and l-carnitine on growth, immunity, antioxidant indices and disease resistance of black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus)","volume":"2","author":"Yixiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Chinese Cereals Oils Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1111\/are.12708","article-title":"Tilapia polyculture: a global review","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquacult. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib31","first-page":"28","article-title":"Effects of anethole trihtione and lipoic acid on growth performance and antioxidant ability of Oreochromis niloticus \u00d7 O. aureus","volume":"23","author":"Xiong","year":"2012","journal-title":"China Feed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2013.02.011","article-title":"The protective role of l-carnitine against cylindrospermopsin-induced oxidative stress in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)","volume":"132\u2013133","author":"Guzm\u00e1n-Guill\u00e9n","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451800226X","article-title":"The protein-sparing effect of \u03b1-lipoic acid in juvenile grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus: effects on lipolysis, fatty acid \u03b2-oxidation and protein synthesis","volume":"120","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2016.03.161","article-title":"Dietary \u03b2-glucan improved growth performance, Vibrio counts, haematological parameters and stress resistance of pompano fish, Trachinotus ovatus Linnaeus, 1758","volume":"54","author":"Do Huu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40815","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40815","article-title":"Systemic regulation of L-carnitine in nutritional metabolism in zebrafish, Danio rerio","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib36","series-title":"Official Methods of Analysis","author":"AOAC","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2014.03.003","article-title":"Effects of vitamin A on the milk performance, antioxidant functions and immune functions of dairy cows","volume":"192","author":"Jin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2013.05.011","article-title":"Fortification of rabbit diets with vitamin E or selenium affects growth performance, lipid peroxidation, oxidative status and immune response in growing rabbits","volume":"155","author":"Ebeid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1391","article-title":"Toll-like receptor signalling","volume":"4","author":"Akira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07201","article-title":"Origin and physiological roles of inflammation","volume":"454","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2012.02.028","article-title":"Reduced inflammatory response to Aeromonas salmonicida infection in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fed with \u03b2-glucan supplements","volume":"32","author":"Falco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib42","first-page":"1","article-title":"Beta glucan: health benefits in obesity and metabolic syndrome","volume":"2012","author":"El","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2015.11.013","article-title":"Dietary \u03b2-glucan (MacroGard\u00ae) enhances survival of first feeding turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) larvae by altering immunity, metabolism and microbiota","volume":"48","author":"Miest","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/10454438.2011.626361","article-title":"Dietary L-carnitine supplementation protected turbot (Scophthalmusmaximus) against Streptococcus parauberis infection","volume":"23","author":"Dias","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Aquacult."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2015.01.019","article-title":"Effects of dietary l-carnitine level on growth performance, immune responses and stress resistance of juvenile narrow clawed crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823","volume":"439","author":"Safari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2017.08.013","article-title":"Effect of dietary L-carnitine and lipid levels on growth performance, blood biochemical parameters and antioxidant status in juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio)","volume":"480","author":"Sabzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2530-4","article-title":"\u03b1-Lipoic acid regulates lipid metabolism through induction of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetologia"}],"container-title":["Fish & Shellfish Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1050464818308222?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1050464818308222?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]],"date-time":"2019-08-08T04:44:44Z","timestamp":1565239484000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1050464818308222"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S1050464818308222"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023","relation":{},"ISSN":["1050-4648"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1050-4648","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The comparisons in protective mechanisms and efficiencies among dietary \u03b1-lipoic acid, \u03b2-glucan and l-carnitine on Nile tilapia infected by Aeromonas hydrophila","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Fish & Shellfish Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.023","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}