{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T08:49:08Z","timestamp":1788425348001,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005156","name":"Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007683","name":"Nihon University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007683","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Fish &amp; Shellfish Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T19:36:32Z","timestamp":1585769792000},"page":"252-260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Immune sensing of DNA and strategies for fish DNA vaccine development"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Chia-Jung","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib1","first-page":"383","volume":"xx","author":"Gudding","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib2","article-title":"Intracellular bacterial infections: a challenge for developing cellular mediated immunity vaccines for farmed fish","volume":"6","author":"Munang'andu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0410-5_3","article-title":"Strategies for improving DNA vaccine performance","volume":"1143","author":"Iurescia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.11.025","article-title":"FDA guidance on prophylactic DNA vaccines: analysis and recommendations","volume":"28","author":"Klinman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3354\/dao072213","article-title":"Infectious haematopoietic necrosis epidemic (2001 to 2003) in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in British Columbia","volume":"72","author":"Saksida","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Org."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.2174\/1872215611307010009","article-title":"Licensed DNA vaccines against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV)","volume":"7","author":"Alonso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Recent Pat. DNA Gene Seq"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.07.012","article-title":"DNA vaccination for finfish aquaculture","volume":"85","author":"Collins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib8","series-title":"Salmonid Alphavirus and Uses Thereof","author":"Nathalie","year":"2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2005.12.006","article-title":"Expression of the glycoprotein of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) on the surface of the fish cell line RTG-P1 induces type 1 interferon expression in neighbouring cells","volume":"21","author":"Acosta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2005.12.005","article-title":"Comprehensive gene expression profiling following DNA vaccination of rainbow trout against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus","volume":"43","author":"Purcell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.68.6.793","article-title":"DNA vaccination: antigen presentation and the induction of immunity","volume":"68","author":"Shedlock","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI23467","article-title":"Developing DNA vaccines that call to dendritic cells","volume":"114","author":"Kutzler","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5549","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.10.5549","article-title":"Cross-priming as a predominant mechanism for inducing CD8(+) T cell responses in gene gun DNA immunization","volume":"167","author":"Cho","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2004.01938.x","article-title":"TLR9(-\/-) and TLR9(+\/+) mice display similar immune responses to a DNA vaccine","volume":"113","author":"Babiuk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"7179","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06537","article-title":"TANK-binding kinase-1 delineates innate and adaptive immune responses to DNA vaccines","volume":"451","author":"Ishii","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2287","article-title":"Vaccines - TBK1 mediates DNA vaccine immunogenicity","volume":"8","author":"Tufet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.05.004","article-title":"Immune sensing of DNA","volume":"38","author":"Paludan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7048","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.15.7048-7054.2000","article-title":"DNA vaccines encoding viral glycoproteins induce nonspecific immunity and Mx protein synthesis in fish","volume":"74","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104509","article-title":"Transcriptome profiles associated to VHSV infection or DNA vaccination in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)","volume":"9","author":"Pereiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2006.12.006","article-title":"Difference in Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus gene expression profile following hirame rhabdovirus (HIRRV) G and N protein DNA vaccination","volume":"23","author":"Yasuike","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.12.075","article-title":"Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus N protein suppresses fish IFN1 production by targeting the MITA","volume":"97","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188456","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis of plasmid-induced genes sheds light on the role of type I IFN as adjuvant in DNA vaccine against infectious salmon anemia virus","volume":"12","author":"Sobhkhez","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.03.093","article-title":"Adjuvant activity of fish type I interferon shown in a virus DNA vaccination model","volume":"33","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12644","article-title":"Protective effect and antibody response of DNA vaccine against salmonid alphavirus 3 (SAV3) in Atlantic salmon","volume":"40","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Fish. Dis."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204924","article-title":"Transcriptome analyses of Atlantic salmon muscle genes induced by a DNA vaccine against salmonid alphavirus, the causative agent of salmon pancreas disease (PD)","volume":"13","author":"Sobhkhez","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2014.03.006","article-title":"The first characterization of two type I interferons in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) reveals their differential role, expression pattern and gene induction","volume":"45","author":"Pereiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"issue":"36","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.05.059","article-title":"Protection of Atlantic salmon against virus infection by intramuscular injection of IFNc expression plasmid","volume":"32","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2016.08.020","article-title":"Protection of Atlantic salmon against salmonid alphavirus infection by type I interferons IFNa, IFNb and IFNc","volume":"57","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.03.093","article-title":"Adjuvant activity of fish type I interferon shown in a virus DNA vaccination model","volume":"33","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033196","article-title":"Functional identification of dendritic cells in the teleost model, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","volume":"7","author":"Bassity","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2009.07.009","article-title":"CpG-induced secretion of MHCII beta and exosomes from salmon (Salmo salar) APCs","volume":"34","author":"Iliev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2012.07.011","article-title":"CD40L--a costimulatory molecule involved in the maturation of antigen presenting cells in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)","volume":"38","author":"Lagos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2011.03.005","article-title":"Plasmablasts and plasma cells: reconsidering teleost immune system organization","volume":"35","author":"Ye","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7317","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.12.7317","article-title":"Plasmablast and plasma cell production and distribution in trout immune tissues","volume":"173","author":"Bromage","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2008.00943.x","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a novel intraepithelial lymphoid tissue in the gills of Atlantic salmon","volume":"213","author":"Haugarvoll","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib36","series-title":"Fish Physiology","first-page":"1","author":"Hoar","year":"1969"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2010.01305.x","article-title":"Salmonid T cells assemble in the thymus, spleen and in novel interbranchial lymphoid tissue","volume":"217","author":"Koppang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1913","article-title":"IgT, a primitive immunoglobulin class specialized in mucosal immunity","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.4.2463","article-title":"Conserved functions of Ikaros in vertebrate lymphocyte development: genetic evidence for distinct larval and adult phases of T cell development and two lineages of B cells in zebrafish","volume":"177","author":"Schorpp","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"32","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13097","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1304319110","article-title":"Teleost skin, an ancient mucosal surface that elicits gut-like immune responses","volume":"110","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"P Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2005.07.002","article-title":"TLR3 in antiviral immunity: key player or bystander?","volume":"26","author":"Schroder","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.6.863","article-title":"Subsets of human dendritic cell precursors express different toll-like receptors and respond to different microbial antigens","volume":"194","author":"Kadowaki","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900399","article-title":"Requirement for DNA CpG content in TLR9-dependent dendritic cell activation induced by DNA-containing immune complexes","volume":"183","author":"Yasuda","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1479","article-title":"Ligand-induced conformational changes allosterically activate Toll-like receptor 9","volume":"8","author":"Latz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1669","article-title":"Proteolytic cleavage in an endolysosomal compartment is required for activation of Toll-like receptor 9","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.12703\/P6-97","article-title":"MyD88: a central player in innate immune signaling","volume":"6","author":"Deguine","year":"2014","journal-title":"F1000Prime Rep"},{"issue":"51","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20711","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1305273110","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 9 and 21 have different ligand recognition profiles and cooperatively mediate activity of CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides in zebrafish","volume":"110","author":"Yeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00179","article-title":"Immunostimulatory activities of CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides in teleosts: toll-like receptors 9 and 21","volume":"10","author":"Lai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2011.03.006","article-title":"Toll-like receptors in bony fish: from genomics to function","volume":"35","author":"Palti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"issue":"49","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42715","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.293969","article-title":"MyD88 interacts with interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3 and IRF7 in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): transgenic SsMyD88 modulates the IRF-induced type I interferon response and accumulates in aggresomes","volume":"286","author":"Iliev","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2014.11.018","article-title":"Immune effects of R848: evidences that suggest an essential role of TLR7\/8-induced, Myd88- and NF-kappaB-dependent signaling in the antiviral immunity of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)","volume":"49","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5373","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.8.5373","article-title":"Zebrafish TRIF, a Golgi-localized protein, participates in IFN induction and NF-kappaB activation","volume":"180","author":"Fan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2012.06.003","article-title":"Molecular regulation of interferon antiviral response in fish","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2016.50","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors in zebrafish provide functional and evolutionary insight into innate immune signaling pathways","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0801755","article-title":"Evolution of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) recognition and signaling: fish TLR4 does not recognize LPS and negatively regulates NF-kappaB activation","volume":"182","author":"Sepulcre","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3474","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.5.3474","article-title":"Teleost TLR22 recognizes RNA duplex to induce IFN and protect cells from birnaviruses","volume":"181","author":"Matsuo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2015.09.005","article-title":"Structural and evolutionary characteristics of fish-specific TLR19","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"issue":"7299","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(63)92585-6","article-title":"Foreign nucleic acids as the stimulus to make interferon","volume":"2","author":"Isaacs","year":"1963","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/197564a0","article-title":"Inhibition of virus multiplication by foreign nucleic acid","volume":"197","author":"Rotem","year":"1963","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6813","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1038\/35047123","article-title":"A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA","volume":"408","author":"Hemmi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2009.06.002","article-title":"Chicken TLR21 acts as a functional homologue to mammalian TLR9 in the recognition of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides","volume":"46","author":"Brownlie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126388","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 9 alternatively spliced isoform negatively regulates TLR9 signaling in teleost fish","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2008.07.006","article-title":"Cloning and expression analysis of two alternative splicing toll-like receptor 9 isoforms A and B in large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea","volume":"25","author":"Yao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2006.04.025","article-title":"Full-length sequence and expression analysis of Toll-like receptor 9 in the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.)","volume":"378","author":"Franch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gene"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3012","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1516000113","article-title":"Autoinhibition and relief mechanism by the proteolytic processing of Toll-like receptor 8","volume":"113","author":"Tanji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jmr.2696","article-title":"The evolutionary characteristics and structural biology of Gallus toll-like receptor 21","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Recogn."},{"issue":"6220","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260419","article-title":"Proteomics. Tissue-based map of the human proteome","volume":"347","author":"Uhlen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib68","first-page":"114","article-title":"[Expression and function of toll-like receptors in B lymphocytes]","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sheng Li Ke Xue Jin Zhan"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6262","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901941","article-title":"Differential cytokine production and bystander activation of autoreactive B cells in response to CpG-A and CpG-B oligonucleotides","volume":"183","author":"Avalos","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2006.11.007","article-title":"Expression and function of Toll-like receptors in T lymphocytes","volume":"19","author":"Kabelitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3424","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200737182","article-title":"TLR9 signaling is essential for the innate NK cell response in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"37","author":"Liese","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxv066","article-title":"TLR7 and TLR9 ligands regulate antigen presentation by macrophages","volume":"28","author":"Celhar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20060401","article-title":"Properties regulating the nature of the plasmacytoid dendritic cell response to Toll-like receptor 9 activation","volume":"203","author":"Guiducci","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2007.10.011","article-title":"A TLR9 homolog that is up-regulated by IFN-gamma in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)","volume":"32","author":"Skjaeveland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"issue":"8\u20139","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2009.02.006","article-title":"The rainbow trout TLR9 gene and its role in the immune responses elicited by a plasmid encoding the glycoprotein G of the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia rhabdovirus (VHSV)","volume":"46","author":"Ortega-Villaizan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-14-12","article-title":"CpG oligonucleotides bind TLR9 and RRM-containing proteins in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)","volume":"14","author":"Iliev","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21895-9","article-title":"Profiling Atlantic salmon B cell populations: CpG-mediated TLR-ligation enhances IgM secretion and modulates immune gene expression","volume":"8","author":"Jenberie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.10.018","article-title":"Molecular cloning and characterization of Toll-like receptor 9 in Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus","volume":"44","author":"Takano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2014.11.002","article-title":"Humoral immune response and TLR9 gene expression in Pacific red snapper (Lutjanus Peru) experimentally exposed to Aeromonas veronii","volume":"42","author":"Reyes-Becerril","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2010.02.007","article-title":"Antigen-sampling cells in the salmonid intestinal epithelium","volume":"34","author":"Fuglem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02116","article-title":"A novel antigen-sampling cell in the teleost gill epithelium with the potential for direct antigen presentation in mucosal tissue","volume":"9","author":"Kato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2013.30","article-title":"Microfold (M) cells: important immunosurveillance posts in the intestinal epithelium","volume":"6","author":"Mabbott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2013.12.017","article-title":"Identification and expression analysis of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) Toll-like receptor 9 gene","volume":"36","author":"Byadgi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2015.10.006","article-title":"Effect of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) TLR9 overexpression on the expression of downstream interferon-associated immune factor mRNAs in epithelioma papulosum cyprini cells","volume":"170","author":"Xinxian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20051654","article-title":"Toll-like receptor-independent gene induction program activated by mammalian DNA escaped from apoptotic DNA degradation","volume":"202","author":"Okabe","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00193","article-title":"Safeguard against DNA sensing: the role of TREX1 in HIV-1 infection and autoimmune diseases","volume":"5","author":"Hasan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.08.009","article-title":"Type I interferon [corrected] gene induction by the interferon regulatory factor family of transcription factors","volume":"25","author":"Honda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.05.007","article-title":"Cytosolic sensing of viruses","volume":"38","author":"Goubau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7696","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01049-15","article-title":"Conservation of the STING-mediated cytosolic DNA sensing pathway in zebrafish","volume":"89","author":"Ge","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201344127","article-title":"Recognition of cytosolic DNA by cGAS and other STING-dependent sensors","volume":"44","author":"Bhat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"issue":"7152","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06013","article-title":"DAI (DLM-1\/ZBP1) is a cytosolic DNA sensor and an activator of innate immune response","volume":"448","author":"Takaoka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5937","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku189","article-title":"Distinct Z-DNA binding mode of a PKR-like protein kinase containing a Z-DNA binding domain (PKZ)","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00582","article-title":"The fish-specific protein kinase (PKZ) initiates innate immune responses via IRF3- and ISGF3-like mediated pathways","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2013.03.012","article-title":"DExD\/H-box RNA helicases as mediators of anti-viral innate immunity and essential host factors for viral replication","volume":"1829","author":"Fullam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2011.01.015","article-title":"Sensing of viral nucleic acids by RIG-I: from translocation to translation","volume":"91","author":"Schmidt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2014.00423","article-title":"Multiple functions of DDX3 RNA helicase in gene regulation, tumorigenesis, and viral infection","volume":"5","author":"Ariumi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2091","article-title":"The helicase DDX41 senses intracellular DNA mediated by the adaptor STING in dendritic cells","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2460","article-title":"The helicase DDX41 recognizes the bacterial secondary messengers cyclic di-GMP and cyclic di-AMP to activate a type I interferon immune response","volume":"13","author":"Parvatiyar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2015.03.008","article-title":"The cytosolic sensor, DDX41, activates antiviral and inflammatory immunity in response to stimulation with double-stranded DNA adherent cells of the olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus","volume":"44","author":"Quynh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01327","article-title":"Identification of DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX41 as a trafficking protein that involves in multiple innate immune signaling pathways in a zebrafish model","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2491","article-title":"STING and the innate immune response to nucleic acids in the cytosol","volume":"14","author":"Burdette","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"214","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ra20","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2002521","article-title":"STING specifies IRF3 phosphorylation by TBK1 in the cytosolic DNA signaling pathway","volume":"5","author":"Tanaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10429","article-title":"STING is a direct innate immune sensor of cyclic di-GMP","volume":"478","author":"Burdette","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.4.2171","article-title":"Bacterial c-di-GMP is an immunostimulatory molecule","volume":"178","author":"Karaolis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100088","article-title":"MPYS is required for IFN response factor 3 activation and type I IFN production in the response of cultured phagocytes to bacterial second messengers cyclic-di-AMP and cyclic-di-GMP","volume":"187","author":"Jin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2015.09.014","article-title":"Antiviral role of grouper STING against iridovirus infection","volume":"47","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41240-018-0083-2","article-title":"Isolation and expression analysis of stimulator of interferon gene from olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus","volume":"21","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2014.03.001","article-title":"Identification, characterization and immunological response analysis of stimulator of interferon gene (STING) from grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella","volume":"45","author":"Feng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100642","article-title":"Fish MITA serves as a mediator for distinct fish IFN gene activation dependent on IRF3 or IRF7","volume":"187","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0818-9641.2004.01271.x","article-title":"Vaccines that facilitate antigen entry into dendritic cells","volume":"82","author":"Gamvrellis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000138","article-title":"Superior immunogenicity of inactivated whole virus H5N1 influenza vaccine is primarily controlled by Toll-like receptor signalling","volume":"4","author":"Geeraedts","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"issue":"5566","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1071059","article-title":"The danger model: a renewed sense of self","volume":"296","author":"Matzinger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.5.6.803","article-title":"Optimization and delivery of plasmid DNA for vaccination","volume":"5","author":"Jechlinger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2004.23208.x","article-title":"CpG motifs are efficient adjuvants for DNA cancer vaccines","volume":"123","author":"Schneeberger","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6218","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00121-06","article-title":"Toll-like receptor adaptor molecules enhance DNA-raised adaptive immune responses against influenza and tumors through activation of innate immunity","volume":"80","author":"Takeshita","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2010.268","article-title":"DAI (DLM-1\/ZBP1) as a genetic adjuvant for DNA vaccines that promotes effective antitumor CTL immunity","volume":"19","author":"Lladser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.04.016","article-title":"Identification and analysis of a CpG motif that protects turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) against bacterial challenge and enhances vaccine-induced specific immunity","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"49","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86576","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21245","article-title":"A plasmid containing CpG ODN as vaccine adjuvant against grass carp reovirus in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella","volume":"8","author":"Su","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.01.031","article-title":"Enhancement of glycoprotein-based DNA vaccine for viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) via addition of the molecular adjuvant, DDX41","volume":"62","author":"Lazarte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.05.021","article-title":"Immunogenicity and efficacy of DNA vaccine encoding antigenic AcfA via addition of the molecular adjuvant Myd88 against Vibrio alginolyticus in Epinephelus coioides","volume":"66","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.02.004","article-title":"The vaccine adjuvant chitosan promotes cellular immunity via DNA sensor cGAS-STING-dependent induction of type I interferons","volume":"44","author":"Carroll","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201242372","article-title":"The vaccine adjuvant alum inhibits IL-12 by promoting PI3 kinase signaling while chitosan does not inhibit IL-12 and enhances Th1 and Th17 responses","volume":"42","author":"Mori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2016.03.115","article-title":"Characterization of antigen sampling cells in rainbow trout gill epithelium","volume":"53","author":"Kato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2016.06.021","article-title":"An oral chitosan DNA vaccine against nodavirus improves transcription of cell-mediated cytotoxicity and interferon genes in the European sea bass juveniles gut and survival upon infection","volume":"65","author":"Valero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2016.09.021","article-title":"Identification and expression analysis of toll-like receptor genes (TLR8 and TLR9) in mucosal tissues of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) following bacterial challenge","volume":"58","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.09.036","article-title":"Gene expression regulation of the TLR9 and MyD88-dependent pathways in rock bream against rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) infection","volume":"70","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.08.030","article-title":"CpG ODN 1668 induce innate and adaptive immune responses in rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) against rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) infection","volume":"69","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17297","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17609-2","article-title":"CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides developed for grouper toll-like receptor (TLR) 21s effectively activate mouse and human TLR9s mediated immune responses","volume":"7","author":"Yeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2017.03.021","article-title":"Cloning and expression analysis of a Toll-like receptor 21 (TLR21) gene from turbot, Scophthalmus maximus","volume":"73","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2016.10.024","article-title":"Molecular and functional characterization of Toll-like receptor 21 in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea)","volume":"59","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9011","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky742","article-title":"A DNA-sensing-independent role of a nuclear RNA helicase, DHX9, in stimulation of NF-kappaB-mediated innate immunity against DNA virus infection","volume":"46","author":"Ng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.07.054","article-title":"Two DExD\/H-box helicases, DDX3 and DHX9, identified in rainbow trout are able to bind dsRNA","volume":"93","author":"Poynter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2007.06188.x","article-title":"The Atlantic salmon Z-DNA binding protein kinase phosphorylates translation initiation factor 2 alpha and constitutes a unique orthologue to the mammalian dsRNA-activated protein kinase R","volume":"275","author":"Bergan","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12769","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05849-11","article-title":"Cooperative roles of fish protein kinase containing Z-DNA binding domains and double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase in interferon-mediated antiviral response","volume":"85","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2011.10.012","article-title":"Cloning and functional analysis of PKZ (PKR-like) from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408714102","article-title":"A PKR-like eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha kinase from zebrafish contains Z-DNA binding domains instead of dsRNA binding domains","volume":"102","author":"Rothenburg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12618","article-title":"The AIM2 inflammasome: sensor of pathogens and cellular perturbations","volume":"281","author":"Lugrin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01426","article-title":"Interferon-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) has a broad-spectrum binding ability against ssDNA targets: an evolutionary hypothesis for antiretroviral checkpoint","volume":"10","author":"Hurst","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi18-0052","article-title":"The cGAS-cGAMP-STING pathway: a molecular link between immunity and metabolism","volume":"68","author":"Bai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.10.010","article-title":"Grass carp cGASL negatively regulates fish IFN response by targeting MITA","volume":"94","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."}],"container-title":["Fish &amp; Shellfish Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1050464820302321?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1050464820302321?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T05:19:30Z","timestamp":1760937570000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1050464820302321"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"references-count":140,"alternative-id":["S1050464820302321"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064","relation":{},"ISSN":["1050-4648"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1050-4648","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Immune sensing of DNA and strategies for fish DNA vaccine development","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Fish & Shellfish Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.064","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}