{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T17:04:08Z","timestamp":1791047048564,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Fish & Shellfish Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T11:40:57Z","timestamp":1631792457000},"page":"270-282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Potential role of dietary chitosan nanoparticles against immunosuppression, inflammation, oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations induced by pendimethalin toxicity in Nile tilapia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1414-9407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samia","family":"Elbahnaswy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gehad E.","family":"Elshopakey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iman","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0067-2838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ola A.","family":"Habotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib1","first-page":"233","article-title":"Treatment of aquaculture waste effluent to be reused in fish culture in Egypt, Egypt","volume":"23","author":"El-Sherbiny","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Aqua. Biol. Fish."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib2","article-title":"Overview of aquaculture systems in Egypt and Nigeria, prospects, potentials, and constraints","author":"Kaleem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquac. Fish."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.05.064","article-title":"Environmental assessment of drainage water impacts on water quality and eutrophication level of Lake Idku, Egypt","volume":"216","author":"Ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2691-6622.ijar-19-2991","article-title":"Study of organic pollutants in the muscles of fish collected from El-mahmodia stream at El-beheira governorate, Egypt","volume":"1","author":"Radwan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Aquac. Res. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2012.05.020","article-title":"Immunotoxic and cytotoxic effects of atrazine, permethrin and piperonyl butoxide to rainbow trout following in vitro exposure","volume":"33","author":"Shelley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234S","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1998.tb05303.x","article-title":"The effects of pollution on fish health","volume":"85","author":"Austin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib7","article-title":"Pesticides toxicity in fish with particular reference to insecticides","volume":"3","author":"Sabra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib8","first-page":"24","article-title":"Agricultural aspects of aquatic environmental toxicology (a review of literature)","author":"Rudneva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gig. Sanit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib9","first-page":"568","article-title":"Assessment of stomp\u00ae(pendimethalin) toxicity on Oreochromis niloticus","volume":"7","author":"El-Sharkawy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2012.01.018","article-title":"Effect of chronic exposure to pendimethalin on the susceptibility of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss L., to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), Ecotoxicol","volume":"79","author":"Danion","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Safe."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib11","series-title":"The Toxicology of Selected Substances Used in the Production and Refining of Cocaine and Heroin: A Tier-Two Assessment. Washington DC, USA, CICAD, Organization of American States","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.06.008","article-title":"Neurotoxicological assessment of pendimethalin in freshwater fish Channa punctata Bloch","volume":"58","author":"Tabassum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Indicat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib13","series-title":"EPA 738-R97-007-Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances","article-title":"Reregistration eligibility decision (RED): pendimethalin","author":"USEPA","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2008.03.010","article-title":"Toxic effects of chlorpyrifos on antioxidant enzymes and target enzyme acetylcholinesterase interaction in mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis","volume":"26","author":"Kavitha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib15","article-title":"Bioconcentration and immunotoxicity of a chronically exposure in vivo to pendimethalinin rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss","author":"Danion","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol. Split."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.21919","article-title":"Physiological and oxidative stress biomarkers in the freshwater monosex Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L., exposed to pendimethalin\u2010based herbicide","volume":"30","author":"El\u2010Sayed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-018-0535-8","article-title":"Antioxidant activities of Moringa oleifera leaf extract against pendimethalin-induced oxidative stress and genotoxicity in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.)","volume":"45","author":"Hamed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2009.04.001","article-title":"Immune effects of HFO on European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, and Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, Ecotoxicol","volume":"72","author":"Bado-Nilles","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Safe."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2011.06.022","article-title":"Effects of in vivo chronic hydrocarbons pollution on sanitary status and immune system in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.)","volume":"105","author":"Danion","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aqua. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.21577\/1984-6835.20170022","article-title":"Chitosan nanoparticles: production, physicochemical characteristics and nutraceutical applications","volume":"9","author":"Gomes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Virtual Quim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2011.04.028","article-title":"Chitosan nanoparticle to carry vitamin C through the gastrointestinal tract and induce the non-specific immunity system of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","volume":"86","author":"Alishahi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2006.08.008","article-title":"Coagulation and flocculation of dye-containing solutions using a biopolymer (Chitosan)","volume":"67","author":"Guibal","year":"2007","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-40422010000700010","article-title":"Cloreto de n-(2-hidroxil) propil-3-trimetil am\u00f4nio quitosana como adsorvente de corantes reativos em solu\u00e7\u00e3o aquosa","volume":"33","author":"F\u00e1vere","year":"2010","journal-title":"Qu\u00edmica Nova."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2009.09.003","article-title":"Applications of chitin-and chitosan-derivatives for the detoxification of water and wastewater\u2014a short review","volume":"152","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib25","first-page":"203","article-title":"Functional characterization of chitin and chitosan","volume":"3","author":"Aranaz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12326","article-title":"Effects of dietary chitosan supplementation on farmed fish; a review","volume":"12","author":"Abdel\u2010Ghany","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Aquacult."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.734577","article-title":"Dietary combination of chitosan nanoparticle and thymol affects feed utilization, digestive enzymes, antioxidant status, and intestinal morphology of Oreochromis niloticus","volume":"515","author":"Abd El-Naby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2019.08.005","article-title":"Recent progress in biomedical applications of chitosan and its nanocomposites in aquaculture: a review","volume":"126","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.153","article-title":"Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of chitosan and its derivatives and their applications: a review","volume":"164","author":"Abd El-Hack","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.02.063","article-title":"Immunostimulatory effect of dietary chitosan nanoparticles on the performance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.)","volume":"88","author":"Abdel-Tawwab","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.03.012","article-title":"Dietary garlic and chitosan enhanced the antioxidant capacity, immunity, and modulated the transcription of HSP70 and Cytokine genes in Zearalenone-intoxicated European seabass","volume":"113","author":"Abdel-Tawwab","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-019-00388-0","article-title":"Antimicrobial activities of chitosan nanoparticles against pathogenic microorganisms in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus","volume":"27","author":"Abdel-Razek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29535","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-12693-4","article-title":"The effects of dietary clinoptilolite and chitosan nanoparticles on growth, body composition, haemato-biochemical parameters, immune responses, and antioxidative status of Nile tilapia exposed to imidacloprid","volume":"28","author":"Ismael","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735219","article-title":"The antioxidative and immunity roles of chitosan nanoparticle and vitamin C-supplemented diets against imidacloprid toxicity on Oreochromis niloticus","volume":"523","author":"Naiel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/md19020072","article-title":"Dietary chitosan nanoparticles: potential role in modulation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) antibacterial defense and intestinal immunity against enteric redmouth disease","volume":"19","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1006\/fsim.1993.1042","article-title":"Effects of pesticides and other organic pollutants in the aquatic environment on immunity of fish: a review","volume":"3","author":"Dunier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib37","first-page":"17","article-title":"Investigation of nile tilapia summer mortality in Kafr El-sheikh governorate, Egypt","volume":"3","author":"Elsheshtawy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genet. Aquat. Org."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib38","series-title":"Global Production by Production Source 1950-2018 (Fishstat J)","article-title":"Fishery and aquaculture statistics","author":"FAO","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.20152","article-title":"Cadmium tolerance in the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) following acute exposure: assessment of some ionoregulatory parameters","volume":"21","author":"Garcia\u2010Santos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2014.09.035","article-title":"Modulatory role of dietary Chlorella vulgaris powder against arsenic-induced immunotoxicity and oxidative stress in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)","volume":"41","author":"Zahran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib41","first-page":"56","article-title":"Influences of Chlorella vulgaris dietary supplementation on growth performance, hematology, immune response and disease resistance in Oreochromis niloticus exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of penoxsulam herbicide","volume":"445","author":"Galal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-020-00814-8","article-title":"Antioxidative and immunoprotective potential of Chlorella vulgaris dietary supplementation against chlorpyrifos-induced toxicity in Nile tilapia","volume":"46","author":"Zahran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02685940","article-title":"Preparation of chitosan nanoparticles as carrier for immobilized enzyme","volume":"136","author":"Tang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2011.07.057","article-title":"Physicochemical and structural characteristics of chitosan nanopowders prepared by ultrafine milling","volume":"87","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib45","series-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Washington, DC","article-title":"Water Environment Federation 1998","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib46","series-title":"Nutrient Requirements of Fish and Shrimp","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-011-9480-6","article-title":"Nutrient requirements of fish and shrimp","volume":"20","author":"Jobling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aquacult. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.01.003","volume":"110","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib49","series-title":"Fish Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment","author":"Noga","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib50","first-page":"447","article-title":"Potency testing of fish vaccines","volume":"49","author":"Amend","year":"1981","journal-title":"Fish Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-46702011000300001","article-title":"Efficacy of clove oil as anesthetic in handling and transportation of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Actinopterygii: Cichlidae) juveniles","volume":"28","author":"Sim\u00f5es","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zoologia (Curitiba)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1996.57.05.618","article-title":"Comparison of hematologic reference intervals between culture system and type of hybrid striped bass","volume":"57","author":"Hrubec","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib53","series-title":"chalm's Veterinary Haematology","first-page":"1221","author":"Jain","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)41272-5","article-title":"Spectrophotometric studies: XIV. The crystallographic and optical properties of the hemoglobin of man in comparison with those of other species","volume":"164","author":"Drabkin","year":"1946","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.12.009","article-title":"Ameliorative effects of dietary Chlorella vulgaris and \u03b2-glucan against diazinon-induced toxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)","volume":"96","author":"Abdelhamid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735364","article-title":"Differential gene expression and immune response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) challenged intraperitoneally with Photobacterium damselae and Aeromonas hydrophila demonstrating immunosuppression","volume":"526","author":"Elbahnaswy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.3.1578-1583.2005","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus capsular polysaccharide types 5 and 8 reduce killing by bovine neutrophils in vitro","volume":"73","author":"Kampen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3147\/jsfp.26.213","article-title":"In vitro phagocytic activity of white-spotted char blood cells after injection with Aeromonas salmonicida extracellular products","volume":"26","author":"Kawahara","year":"1991","journal-title":"Fish Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib59","first-page":"101","article-title":"Lysozyme assays","volume":"1","author":"Ellis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Techn. Fish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05016-3","article-title":"[13] Catalase in vitro","volume":"105","author":"Aebi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(72)80218-3","article-title":"The occurrence of superoxide anion in the reaction of reduced phenazine methosulfate and molecular oxygen","volume":"46","author":"Nishikimi","year":"1972","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib62","first-page":"882","article-title":"Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione","volume":"61","author":"Beutler","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib63","first-page":"158","article-title":"Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase","volume":"70","author":"Paglia","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib65","series-title":"Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques","author":"Bancroft","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib66","first-page":"5","article-title":"Effect of pendimethalin herbicide on fish (nilotica) skeletal muscles, gills and its influence on human","volume":"1","author":"Abd-Algadir","year":"2011","journal-title":"WJLSMR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib67","first-page":"8","article-title":"Evaluation the toxic effects of herbicide Stomp 50% EC (pendimethalin) on health of Oreochromis niloticus","volume":"38","author":"Ahmed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zag. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.08.017","article-title":"Potential applications of cellulose and chitosan nanoparticles\/composites in wastewater treatment: a review","volume":"153","author":"Olivera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib69","first-page":"39","article-title":"Wastewater treatment with chitosan nano-particles","volume":"3","author":"Aboukana","year":"2013","journal-title":"IJNA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib70","series-title":"Chitosan Vitamin E Nanocomposite Ameliorates the Growth, Redox, and Immune Status of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Reared under Different Stocking Densities","first-page":"736804","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203647295.ch16","article-title":"Biomarkers","volume":"1","author":"Schlenk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Fish."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3409\/fb63_3.167","article-title":"Hematological alterations in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) exposed to herbicides: pendimethalin and ethofumesate tested separately and in mixture","volume":"63","author":"Bojarski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Folia Biol. (Krak\u00f3w)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13530-014-0181-1","article-title":"Effects of long-term diazinon exposure on some immunological and haematological parameters in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)","volume":"6","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Environ. Health Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3162-7","article-title":"Neuroprotection by chitosan nanoparticles in oxidative stress-mediated injury","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1163\/1570754054507424","article-title":"Toxicological studies in adult amphibians: effects of lead","volume":"2","author":"Fink","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Herpetol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2010.07.005","article-title":"Effects of Roundup Transorb on fish: hematology, antioxidant defenses and acetylcholinesterase activity","volume":"81","author":"Modesto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/980948","article-title":"Evaluation of biochemical, haematological, and histopathological responses and recovery ability of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) after acute exposure to atrazine herbicide","author":"Blahova","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2008.01467.x","article-title":"The use of leukocyte profiles to measure stress in vertebrates: a review for ecologists","volume":"22","author":"Davis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2015.01.014","article-title":"Effects of atrazine and chlorpyrifos on oxidative stress-induced autophagy in the immune organs of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib80","first-page":"49","article-title":"Effects of chitosan on hematological parameters and stress resistance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","author":"Meshkini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Forum: Fac. Vet. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800268-1.00002-0","article-title":"Antioxidant effects of chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives","volume":"73","author":"Ngo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib82","first-page":"137","article-title":"Isolation of salmonid macrophages and analysis of their killing activity","author":"Secombes","year":"1990","journal-title":"Tech. Fish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-8030(92)90066-7","article-title":"Noncellular nonspecific defence mechanisms of fish","volume":"2","author":"Alexander","year":"1992","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Fish Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-1136(02)00140-X","article-title":"Total oxyradical scavenging capacity and cell membrane stability of haemocytes of the Arctic scallop, Chlamys islandicus, following benzo (a) pyrene exposure","volume":"54","author":"Camus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2012.08.006","article-title":"Innate immune response of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) exposed to atrazine","volume":"33","author":"Kreutz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2006.06.011","article-title":"Effects of diazinon at different doses on rat liver and pancreas tissues","volume":"87","author":"Gokcimen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.05.065","article-title":"Efficacy of Spirulina platensis diet supplements on disease resistance and immune-related gene expression in Cyprinus carpio L. exposed to herbicide atrazine","volume":"67","author":"Khalil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(01)00189-2","article-title":"Topical formulations and wound healing applications of chitosan","volume":"52","author":"Ueno","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2008.01.025","article-title":"Effects of chitosan-coated diet on improving water quality and innate immunity in the olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus","volume":"278","author":"Cha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.10.004","article-title":"Gill and head kidney antioxidant processes and innate immune system responses of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) exposed to different contaminants in the St. Lawrence River, Canada","volume":"407","author":"Dautremepuits","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2005.03.013","article-title":"Molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress in aquatic organisms in relation to toxic environmental pollutants","volume":"64","author":"Valavanidis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib92","first-page":"2","article-title":"Reviews Oxidative stress in fish induced by pesticides","volume":"30","author":"Slaninova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2013.09.024","article-title":"Effects of in vivo chronic exposure to pendimethalin on EROD activity and antioxidant defenses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","volume":"99","author":"Danion","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib94","first-page":"31","article-title":"Vitamin C and chitosan alleviate toxic effects of paraquat on some biochemical parameters in hepatocytes of common carp, Iran","volume":"10","author":"Sharifinasab","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2012.10.021","article-title":"Comparison of effect of chitin, chitosan, chitosan oligosaccharide and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine on growth performance, antioxidant defenses and oxidative stress status of Penaeus monodon","volume":"372","author":"Niu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2008.07.003","article-title":"Expression of immune-regulatory genes in juvenile Chinook salmon following exposure to pesticides and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV)","volume":"25","author":"Eder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib97","first-page":"303","article-title":"Sequence and evolution differences of Oreochromis niloticus CXC contribute to the diversification of cellular immune responses in tilapias with treatment of Streptococcus iniae","volume":"12","author":"Ming","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Vet. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2011.05.001","article-title":"The interleukins of fish","volume":"35","author":"Secombes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbd.2005.08.005","article-title":"Genomics of fish cytokines","volume":"1","author":"Savan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Genom. Proteonomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.3390\/md18080419","article-title":"Effects of chitosan\u2013gentamicin conjugate supplement on non-specific immunity, aquaculture water, intestinal histology and microbiota of pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)","volume":"18","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"}],"container-title":["Fish & Shellfish Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1050464821002813?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1050464821002813?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T05:30:13Z","timestamp":1760938213000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1050464821002813"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"references-count":100,"alternative-id":["S1050464821002813"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015","relation":{},"ISSN":["1050-4648"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1050-4648","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Potential role of dietary chitosan nanoparticles against immunosuppression, inflammation, oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations induced by pendimethalin toxicity in Nile tilapia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Fish & Shellfish Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.015","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}