{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T22:11:07Z","timestamp":1793052667082,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001412","name":"Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["09\/251(0089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09\/251(0089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001412","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Fish & Shellfish Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T06:56:55Z","timestamp":1762671415000},"page":"110986","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of gut bacteria from Brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) against fish pathogens, with emphasis on the emerging aquatic pathogen, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"168","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6647-8504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nafee","family":"Maqbool","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4805-334X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ishteyaq Majeed","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibraq","family":"Khurshid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumaya","family":"Mehraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fayaz","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2024.107010","article-title":"Application of nutrition interventions strategy to enhance fish flesh quality","volume":"138","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.737522","article-title":"Dietary Taraxacum mongolicum polysaccharide ameliorates the growth, immune response, and antioxidant status in association with NF-\u03baB, Nrf2 and TOR in jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)","volume":"547","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib3","series-title":"The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022. Towards Blue Transformation","year":"2022"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3390\/md18050265","article-title":"Fish-based bioactives as potent nutraceuticals: exploring the therapeutic perspective of sustainable food from the sea","volume":"18","author":"Ashraf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib5","series-title":"Fisheries and Aquaculture","article-title":"Salmo trutta. Cultured aquatic species information programme","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2007.00294.x","article-title":"Enhancement of the immune response and protection induced by probiotic lactic acid bacteria against furunculosis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","volume":"51","author":"Balcazar","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib7","first-page":"153","article-title":"Effect of Lactococcus lactis CLFP 100 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides CLFP 196 on Aeromonas salmonicida infection in brown trout (Salmo trutta)","volume":"17","author":"Balcazar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2018.12.011","article-title":"Dietary flavonoids from Allium mongolicum regel promotes growth, improves immune, antioxidant status, immune-related signaling molecules and disease resistance in juvenile northern snakehead fish (Channa argus)","volume":"501","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2012.06.003","article-title":"Countermeasures against viral diseases of farmed fish","volume":"95","author":"Kibenge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00499-20","article-title":"Changes in the microbiome of mariculture feed organisms after treatment with a potentially probiotic strain of Phaeobacter inhibens","volume":"86","author":"Dittmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02581-20","article-title":"The Roseobacter-group bacterium phaeobacter as a safe probiotic solution for aquaculture","volume":"87","author":"Sonnenschein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib12","first-page":"1239","article-title":"Gill disease in a gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.)","volume":"62","author":"Kapetanovi\u0107","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Weter."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib13","first-page":"330","article-title":"Isolation, identification and phylogenetic analysis of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in channel catfish","volume":"27","author":"Geng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin. J. Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib14","first-page":"903","article-title":"Surveillance of bacteria species in diseased freshwater ornamental fish from aquarium shop","volume":"3","author":"Musa","year":"2008","journal-title":"World Appl. Sci. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00019-11","article-title":"Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: an emerging global opportunistic pathogen","volume":"25","author":"Brooke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2478\/jvetres-2018-0037","article-title":"Contemporary threats of bacterial infections in freshwater fish","volume":"62","author":"P\u0119kala-Safi\u0144ska","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. veterinary Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870101300313","article-title":"Septicemia associated with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in a West African dwarf crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis subsp. tetraspis)","volume":"13","author":"Harris","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Invest."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5598","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.9.5598-5600.2005","article-title":"Isolation of multidrug-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia from cultured yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) from a marine fish farm","volume":"71","author":"Furushita","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2010.08.032","article-title":"Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, an emerging opportunist pathogen for cultured channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, in China","volume":"308","author":"Geng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2015.07.015","article-title":"Stenotrophomonas maltophilia as an opportunistic pathogen in cultured African catfish Clarias gariepinus (burchell, 1822)","volume":"450","author":"Abraham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib21","article-title":"Isolation and characterisation of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, a multidrug resistant opportunistic pathogen from cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum, 1792) in India","volume":"1","author":"Maqbool","year":"2024","journal-title":"Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.64.4.655-671.2000","article-title":"Probiotic bacteria as biological control agents in aquaculture","volume":"64","author":"Verschuere","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2008.03.014","article-title":"Characterization of probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from intestinal microbiota of fish","volume":"278","author":"Balc\u00e1zar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib24","series-title":"Bacterial Fish Pathogens: Disease of Farmed and Wild Fish","author":"Austin","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib25","first-page":"5","article-title":"Probiotics in animal nutrition: production, impact and regulation","volume":"179","year":"2016","journal-title":"FAO Anim. Prod. Health Pap."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(97)00299-8","article-title":"Lactic acid bacteria in fish: a review","volume":"160","author":"Ring\u00f8","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2014.04.015","article-title":"Mucosal immunity and probiotics in fish","volume":"39","author":"Lazado","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2095.2011.00866.x","article-title":"Use of different microbial probiotics in the diet of rohu, labeo rohita fingerlings: effects on growth, nutrient digestibility and retention, digestive enzyme activities and intestinal microflora","volume":"18","author":"Mohapatra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1111\/are.12726","article-title":"Effect of autochthonous and commercial probiotic bacteria on growth, persistence, immunity and disease resistance in juvenile and adult nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus","volume":"47","author":"Ridha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12886","article-title":"The use of probiotics in aquaculture","volume":"119","author":"Hai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes3030033","article-title":"Administration of probiotics in the water in finfish aquaculture systems: a review","volume":"3","author":"Jahangiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fishes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2007.00343.x","article-title":"A review on the interactions between gut microbiota and innate immunity of fish","volume":"52","author":"G\u00f3mez","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-013-9699-5","article-title":"Selection of lactic acid bacteria as candidate probiotics and in vivo test on artemia nauplii","volume":"22","author":"Lamari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-016-1283-8","article-title":"Assessment of hemolytic activity, enzyme production and bacteriocin characterization of Bacillus subtilis LR1 isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of fish","volume":"199","author":"Banerjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib35","series-title":"Probiotics-Current Knowledge and Future Prospects","article-title":"Probiotics, an alternative measure to chemotherapy in fish production","author":"Akanmu","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.12938\/bmfh.33.25","article-title":"Identification and characterization of lactic acid bacteria in a commercial probiotic culture","volume":"33","author":"Menconi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioscience of Microbiota, Food and Health"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3923\/ajbs.2016.1.9","article-title":"Characterization and confirmation of lactobacillus spp. from selective regional yoghurts for probiotic and interference with pathogenic bacterial growth","volume":"9","author":"Islam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian J. Biological Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2016.1172132","article-title":"Probiotics as beneficial microbes in aquaculture: an update on their multiple modes of action: a review","volume":"36","author":"Zorriehzahra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2010.02.007","article-title":"The current status and future focus of probiotic and prebiotic applications for salmonids","volume":"302","author":"Merrifield","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(95)76784-4","article-title":"Immune system stimulation by probiotics","volume":"78","author":"Perdigon","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-012-9509-5","article-title":"Use of the probiotic Shewanella putrefaciens Pdp11 on the culture of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis, kaup 1858) and gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.)","volume":"20","author":"Tapia-Paniagua","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2015.04.018","article-title":"Isolation of potential probiotic bacillus spp. and assessment of their subcellular components to induce immune responses in labeo rohita against Aeromonas hydrophila","volume":"45","author":"Ramesh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2007.11.019","article-title":"Probiotics in aquaculture: the need, principles and mechanisms of action and screening processes","volume":"274","author":"Kesarcodi-Watson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-49-4-1891","article-title":"Carnobacterium inhibens sp. Nov., isolated from the intestine of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)","volume":"49","author":"J\u00f6born","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03175205","article-title":"Preliminary selection study of potential probiotic bacteria from aquacultural area in Tunisia","volume":"57","author":"Chahad Bourouni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.07.032","article-title":"Bdellovibrios, potential biocontrol bacteria against pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila","volume":"154","author":"Cao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(01)00714-1","article-title":"Inhibition of shrimp pathogenic vibrios by a marine pseudomonas I-2 strain","volume":"208","author":"Chythanya","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2021.672213","volume":"8","author":"Amenyogbe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-021-09811-6","article-title":"Isolation of lactic acid bacteria from intestine of freshwater fishes and elucidation of probiotic potential for aquaculture application","volume":"13","author":"Govindaraj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins"},{"issue":"4_ts","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/45.4_ts.493","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method","volume":"45","author":"Bauer","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1139\/w02-033","article-title":"Use of PCR RFLP for genotyping 16S rRNA and characterizing bacteria cultured from halibut fry","volume":"48","author":"Jensen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09160.x","article-title":"Phenotypic and genotypic comparisons of 23 strains from the bacillus cereus complex for a selection of known and putative B. thuringiensis virulence factors","volume":"188","author":"Guttmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEMS (Fed. Eur. Microbiol. Soc.) Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib53","author":"Harringan"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(87)79974-3","article-title":"Survival of lactic acid bacteria in the human stomach and adhesion to intestinal cells","volume":"70","author":"Conway","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-014-1270-y","article-title":"Characterization of bacillus spp. from the gastrointestinal tract of labeo rohita\u2014Towards to identify novel probiotics against fish pathogens","volume":"175","author":"Thankappan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3045","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(84)81670-7","article-title":"Importance of bile tolerance of Lactobacillus acidophilus used as a dietary adjunct","volume":"67","author":"Gilliland","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2016.03.029","article-title":"Isolation of lactic acid bacteria with probiotic potentials from kimchi, traditional Korean fermented vegetable","volume":"71","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"LWT--Food Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.1994.tb00796.x","article-title":"Heterogeneity of bile salts resistance in the lactobacillus isolates of a probiotic consortium","volume":"18","author":"Chateau","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2006.03.001","article-title":"The correlation between surface hydrophobicity and adherence of bifidobacterium strains from centenarians' faeces","volume":"12","author":"Pan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib60","article-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial disc susceptibility tests","volume":"39","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib61","series-title":"R: a Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.742010","article-title":"Astaxanthin ameliorates high-carbohydrate diet-induced ER stress, immunosuppression and hepatic glucose metabolism through AMPK\/autophagy pathway in Channa argus","volume":"598","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13199-016-0441-8","article-title":"Bacterial symbiosis in the fish gut and its role in health and metabolism","volume":"72","author":"Banerjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Symbiosis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.03.010","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture: current knowledge and alternatives to tackle the problem","volume":"52","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-018-1260-2","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of native probiotics for fish farming","volume":"18","author":"Wanka","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2009.00769.x","article-title":"Molecular analysis of intestinal microbiota of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","volume":"71","author":"Navarrete","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2962","DOI":"10.1111\/are.12451","article-title":"First report on the autochthonous gut microbiota of brown trout (S almo trutta linnaeus)","volume":"46","author":"Al\u2010Hisnawi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2006.06.030","article-title":"Characterisation of the microbiota associated with intestine of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.): the effect of fish meal, standard soybean meal and a bioprocessed soybean meal","volume":"261","author":"Ring\u00f8","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib69","first-page":"3810","article-title":"Isolation, identification and characterization of Leuconostoc mesenteroides as a new probiotic from intestine of snakehead fish (Channa striatus)","volume":"11","author":"Allameh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.1995.tb00870.x","article-title":"Intestinal microflora of salmonids: a review","volume":"26","author":"Ring\u00f8","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-062920-113114","article-title":"Bacteriome structure, function, and probiotics in fish larviculture: the good, the bad, and the gaps","volume":"9","author":"Borges","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annual Rev. Animal Biosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2011.02.006","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity against Shigella sonnei and probiotic properties of wild lactobacilli from fermented food","volume":"167","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3906\/vet-1312-53","article-title":"In vitro assessment on intestinal microflora from commonly farmed fishes for control of the fish pathogen Edwardsiella tarda","volume":"38","author":"Loh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-016-2197-y","article-title":"Quantitative analyses of the bacterial microbiota of rearing environment, tilapia, and common carp cultured in earthen ponds and inhibitory activity of its lactic acid bacteria on fish spoilage and pathogenic bacteria","volume":"33","author":"Kaktcham","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.15414\/jmbfs.2018.8.2.770-773","article-title":"Antimicrobial properties and probiotic potentials of lactic acid bacteria isolated from raw beef in ibadan, Nigeria","volume":"8","author":"Ajao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Food Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib76","first-page":"592","article-title":"Carnobacterium: positive and negative effects in the environment and in foods","volume":"31","author":"Leisner","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS (Fed. Eur. Microbiol. Soc.) Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01818","article-title":"Lactic acid bacteria in finfish\u2014An update","volume":"9","author":"Ring\u00f8","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-013-1535-6","article-title":"Diversity of bacteriocinogenic lactic acid bacteria isolated from mediterranean fish viscera","volume":"30","author":"Migaw","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-018-9439-2","article-title":"Isolation and partial characterization of lactic acid bacteria from the gut microbiota of marine fishes for potential application as probiotics in aquaculture","volume":"11","author":"Alonso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2015-0481","article-title":"In vitro probiotic profiling of novel Enterococcus faecium and Leuconostoc mesenteroides from Tunisian freshwater fishes","volume":"62","author":"El-Jeni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-015-9187-5","article-title":"Probiotic properties of Leuconostoc mesenteroides isolated from aguamiel of Agave salmiana","volume":"7","author":"Diana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192021","article-title":"Probiotic and anti-inflammatory potential of Lactobacillus rhamnosus 4B15 and Lactobacillus gasseri 4M13 isolated from infant feces","volume":"13","author":"Oh","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03442.x","article-title":"Yeast as probiotics\u2013saccharomyces boulardii","volume":"26","author":"Czerucka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2009.01.013","article-title":"Comparative accounts of probiotic characteristics of bacillus spp. isolated from food wastes","volume":"42","author":"Patel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.08.009","article-title":"Time-dependent persistence of enhanced immune response by a potential probiotic strain Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101","volume":"128","author":"Tsai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib86","first-page":"222","article-title":"Effect of temperature on in vitro adhesion of potential fish probiotics","volume":"16","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol. Health Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2013.09.004","article-title":"Dissemination of antibiotic-resistant enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli from wild birds of the azores archipelago","volume":"24","author":"Santos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.05009-0","article-title":"Displacement of bacterial pathogens from mucus and Caco-2 cell surface by lactobacilli","volume":"52","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib89","first-page":"65","article-title":"Health and nutritional properties of probiotics in fish and shellfish","volume":"18","author":"Luis Balc\u00e1zar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol. Health Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib90","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Carnobacterium maltaromaticum from the intestine of sea cucumber Acaudina molpadioides","volume":"19","author":"Lambuk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Malaysian J. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-023-01208-7","article-title":"Isolation, characterization of Weissella confusa and Lactococcus lactis from different milk sources and determination of probiotic features","volume":"55","author":"Onur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.12938\/bmfh.2021-022","article-title":"First report on the probiotic potential of Mammaliicoccus sciuri isolated from raw goat milk","volume":"41","author":"Naqqash","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioscience of Microbiota, Food and Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2025.105895","article-title":"Isolation, characterization, and antibiotic resistance of lactic acid bacteria from dairy and seafood sources","author":"Y\u0131lmaz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib94","series-title":"Aquaculture Nutrition: Gut Health, Probiotics and Prebiotics","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib96","unstructured":"H. Kibar Demirhan, E. Omeroglou, F. A. D. \u0130. M. E. K\u0131ran, Probiotics Derived from Fish Gut Microbiota: Alternative Sources Supporting Fish Health and Sustainable Aquaculture."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2006.03185.x","article-title":"Microbial diversity of intestinal contents and mucus in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","volume":"102","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Fish & Shellfish Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1050464825008757?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1050464825008757?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T14:35:11Z","timestamp":1773326111000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1050464825008757"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":97,"alternative-id":["S1050464825008757"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986","relation":{},"ISSN":["1050-4648"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1050-4648","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of gut bacteria from Brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) against fish pathogens, with emphasis on the emerging aquatic pathogen, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Fish & Shellfish Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110986","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110986"}}