{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T22:16:24Z","timestamp":1788300984974,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2025MS356"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2025MS356"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFD2402004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD2402004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Fish &amp; Shellfish Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T13:18:05Z","timestamp":1786022285000},"page":"111632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Modified \u03b2-glucans promote saponin and fucosylated chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus in association with activation of the TLR-MAPK signaling pathway"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"178","author":[{"given":"Zezheng","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyue","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongmei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junpeng","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengling","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4900-649X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shihui","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4532-2666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1080\/23308249.2016.1193472","article-title":"A review of sea cucumber aquaculture, ranching, and stock enhancement in China","volume":"24","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Fish. Sci. Aquacult."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19051342","article-title":"Pharmacological potential of sea cucumbers","volume":"19","author":"Khotimchenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib3","first-page":"357","article-title":"Chemical substances and their activities in sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus: a review","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. (Weinheim)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7222","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b01770","article-title":"Saponins from sea cucumber and their biological activities","volume":"66","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.117034","article-title":"Low-molecular-weight fucosylated glycosaminoglycan and its oligosaccharides from sea cucumber as novel anticoagulants: a review","volume":"251","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.127329","article-title":"Sulfated polysaccharides in sea cucumbers and their biological properties: a review","volume":"253","author":"Hossain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.986986","article-title":"Anticancer and anticholesterol attributes of sea cucumbers: an opinion in terms of functional food applications","volume":"9","author":"Salindeho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/md15110349","article-title":"Evidence for a saponin biosynthesis pathway in the body wall of the commercially significant sea cucumber Holothuria scabra","volume":"15","author":"Mitu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-022-01054-y","article-title":"Biosynthesis of saponin defensive compounds in sea cucumbers","volume":"18","author":"Thimmappa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1111\/jipb.13076","article-title":"An update on the function and regulation of methylerythritol phosphate and mevalonate pathways and their evolutionary dynamics","volume":"63","author":"Pu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Integr. Plant Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.05.091","article-title":"Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate diversity in sea cucumbers: a review","volume":"112","author":"Myron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib12","first-page":"488","article-title":"Cloning of the chondroitin sulfate synthase 1 gene and its expression pattern analysis under Vibrio splendidus infection in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus","volume":"31","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Fish. Sci. China"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.70008","article-title":"Polysaccharide-induced immunoregulation, signaling pathways, and stress mitigation in aquaculture animals: a review","volume":"17","author":"Bakky","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2021.08.001","article-title":"Plant-microbial interaction: the mechanism and the application of microbial elicitor induced secondary metabolites biosynthesis in medicinal plants","volume":"167","author":"Chamkhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2024.09.011","article-title":"Beta-glucan: an overview in biological activities, derivatives, properties, modifications and current advancements in food, health and industrial applications","volume":"147","author":"Edo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib16","article-title":"\u03b2-Glucans: relationships between modification, conformation and functional activities","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2014.09.008","article-title":"Biological activities of derivatized D-glucans: a review","volume":"72","author":"Kagimura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1111\/are.12055","article-title":"Effects of continuous and alternate administration of \u03b2-glucan and mannan-oligosaccharide on the growth, immunity and resistance against Vibrio splendidus of sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus (selenka)","volume":"44","author":"Bai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2011.05.018","article-title":"Effects of dietary \u03b2-glucan, mannan oligosaccharide and their combinations on growth performance, immunity and resistance against Vibrio splendidus of sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus","volume":"31","author":"Gu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2011.02.032","article-title":"Effects of dietary \u03b2-glucan on the growth, immune responses and resistance of sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus against Vibrio splendidus infection","volume":"315","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib21","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors: function, regulation and therapeutic potential","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2015.01.026","article-title":"A review of the immune molecules in the sea cucumber","volume":"44","author":"Xue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2014.01.019","article-title":"Effects of \u03b2-glucan derivatives on the immunity of white shrimp litopenaeus vannamei and its resistance against white spot syndrome virus infection","volume":"426\u2013427","author":"Bai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib24","article-title":"Water-soluble \u03b2-glucan from G. lucidum as a potential functional food ingredient with gut microbiota-regulating and immune-enhancing activities","volume":"319","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.147550","article-title":"Enhancing the quality of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus: dietary protein-to-carbohydrate ratio promotes saponin biosynthesis via metabolic reprogramming and activation of mevalonate pathway","volume":"502","author":"Qi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib26","article-title":"Evaluation and compare of yeast \u03b2-glucan and carboxymethylglucan to improve the immunity and gut health of turbot fed diet containing 400 g kg\u22121 of soybean meal","volume":"21","author":"Gu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.126211","article-title":"Hot water pretreatment-induced significant metabolite changes in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus","volume":"314","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2018.07.001","article-title":"Development and application of a HPLC-MS\/MS method for quantitation of fucosylated chondroitin sulfate and fucoidan in sea cucumbers","volume":"466","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib29","series-title":"Development of bacteriophage-probiotic Composite Microecological Preparation and its Application in the Health Maintenance of Apostichopus japonicus","author":"Hu","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.102091","article-title":"Vibrio splendidus flagellin C binds tropomodulin to induce p38 MAPK-mediated p53-dependent coelomocyte apoptosis in Echinodermata","volume":"298","author":"Dai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2016.02.034","article-title":"Apoptosis induction is involved in UVA-induced autolysis in sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus","volume":"158","author":"Qi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib32","article-title":"In vivo mechanism of action of matrix metalloprotease (MMP) in the autolysis of sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicus)","volume":"44","author":"qiang Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Preserv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b03888","article-title":"Ultraviolet-ray-induced sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicus) melting is mediated by the caspase-dependent mitochondrial apoptotic pathway","volume":"66","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3416","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.11689","article-title":"The exogenous autophagy inducement alleviated the sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicus) autolysis with exposure to stress stimuli of ultraviolet light","volume":"102","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib35","article-title":"An analysis combining proteomics and transcriptomics revealed a regulation target of sea cucumber autolysis","volume":"52","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Part D: Genomics Proteomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2014.10.012","article-title":"The TORC1\/P70S6K and TORC1\/4EBP1 signaling pathways have a stronger contribution on skeletal muscle growth than MAPK\/ERK in an early vertebrate: differential involvement of the IGF system and atrogenes","volume":"210","author":"Fuentes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2024.109747","article-title":"The TAK1\/JNK axis participates in adaptive immunity by promoting lymphocyte activation in nile tilapia","volume":"151","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2015.12.033","article-title":"Recent advances in the role of probiotics and prebiotics in carp aquaculture: a review","volume":"454","author":"Dawood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib39","article-title":"Immune modulation by non-digestible and non-absorbable beta-1,3\/1,6-glucan","volume":"26","author":"Raa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol. Heal. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12162154","article-title":"Yeast \u03b2-Glucans as fish immunomodulators: a review","volume":"12","author":"Machuca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib41","article-title":"Effect of the modifications on the physicochemical and biological properties of \u03b2-glucan-a critical review","volume":"25","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.125","article-title":"Structure, preparation, modification, and bioactivities of \u03b2-glucan and mannan from yeast cell wall: a review","volume":"173","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/07388550500376166","article-title":"Natural and modified (1\u21923)-\u03b2-D-glucans in health promotion and disease alleviation","volume":"25","author":"Zekovi\u0107","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12061121","article-title":"Perspectives in the application of high, medium, and low molecular weight oat \u03b2-d-Glucans in dietary nutrition and food technology\u2014A short overview","volume":"12","author":"Sushytskyi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00527-8","article-title":"Metabolomics reveals biotic and abiotic elicitor effects on the soft coral Sarcophyton ehrenbergi terpenoid content","volume":"7","author":"Farag","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/md17060352","article-title":"Triterpenoids in echinoderms: fundamental differences in diversity and biosynthetic pathways","volume":"17","author":"Claereboudt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.210190","article-title":"TRNA copy number and codon usage in the sea cucumber genome provide insights into adaptive translation for saponin biosynthesis","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2011.01.015","article-title":"Molecular activities, biosynthesis and evolution of triterpenoid saponins","volume":"72","author":"Augustin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.12.017","article-title":"Ginsenosides in panax genus and their biosynthesis","volume":"11","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2016.10.011","article-title":"Fungal elicitors enhance ginsenosides biosynthesis, expression of functional genes as well as signal molecules accumulation in adventitious roots of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey","volume":"239","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2025.112553","article-title":"Potential participants and regulatory factors in ginsenoside biosynthesis of Panax ginseng C.A. meyer: the role of endophytic fungus PBF-08","volume":"358","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2019.111564","article-title":"Promotion of ginsenosides production in a co-cultivation system of Panax ginseng adventitious roots and immobilized Aspergillus niger","volume":"140","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s13199-016-0416-9","article-title":"Gene expression analysis of the withanolide biosynthetic pathway in hairy root cultures of Withania somnifera elicited with methyl jasmonate and the fungus Piriformospora indica","volume":"71","author":"Saxena","year":"2017","journal-title":"Symbiosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2022.07.073","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of a phosphomevalonate kinase gene that is involved in saponin biosynthesis in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus","volume":"128","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/8849584","article-title":"A farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase from Apostichopus japonicus is involved in Saponin biosynthesis and regulated by immune processes","volume":"2024","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3331","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.17107","article-title":"A biological guide to glycosaminoglycans: current perspectives and pending questions","volume":"291","author":"Ricard-Blum","year":"2024","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2023.1182002","article-title":"The draft genome of the tropical sea cucumber Stichopus monotuberculatus (Echinodermata, Stichopodidae) reveals critical genes in fucosylated chondroitin sulfates biosynthetic pathway","volume":"14","author":"Zhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib58","article-title":"Advances and challenges in biotechnological production of chondroitin sulfate and its oligosaccharides","volume":"253","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s12562-020-01420-6","article-title":"The role of the chondroitin sulfate synthase-1 gene in the immune response of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata","volume":"86","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00232","article-title":"Regulation of macrophage and dendritic cell function by Chondroitin sulfate in innate to antigen-specific adaptive immunity","volume":"11","author":"Hatano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.26215","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 stimulates expression of chondroitin polymerizing factor in nucleus pulposus cells through the Smad3, RhoA\/ROCK1, and MAPK signaling pathways","volume":"119","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00214.2010","article-title":"Increased deposition of chondroitin\/dermatan sulfate glycosaminoglycan and upregulation of \u03b21,3-glucuronosyltransferase I in pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"300","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.419887","article-title":"Regulation of xylosyltransferase i gene expression by interleukin 1\u03b2 in human primary chondrocyte cells: mechanism and impact on proteoglycan synthesis","volume":"288","author":"Khair","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1159\/000430396","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 induces Up-Regulation of chondroitin sulfate synthase 1 (CHSY1) in nucleus pulposus cells through MAPK signaling","volume":"37","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-phyto-082712-102314","article-title":"MAPK cascades in plant disease resistance signaling","volume":"51","author":"Meng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phytopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2839-3","article-title":"MAP kinase signalling: interplays between plant PAMP- and effector-triggered immunity","volume":"75","author":"Thulasi Devendrakumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erae400","article-title":"Mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated regulation of plant specialized metabolism","volume":"76","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.041","article-title":"Toll-like receptors and the control of immunity","volume":"180","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.741695","article-title":"In vitro salmonid models as tools for studying microbial-derived immunostimulants and aquaculture relevant salmonids pathogens: current status and future perspectives","volume":"595","author":"Mensah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00104","article-title":"The evolving role of TRAFs in mediating inflammatory responses","volume":"10","author":"Dhillon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.015","article-title":"Pathogen recognition and innate immunity","author":"Akira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-024-01310-z","article-title":"Long- and short-term dietary \u03b2-glucan improves intestinal health and disease resistance in pearl gentian grouper (epinephelus lanceolatus\u2642 \u00d7 epinephelus fuscoguttatus\u2640)","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/life13020268","article-title":"Characteristics, roles and applications of proteinaceous elicitors from pathogens in plant immunity","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2004.02033.x","article-title":"Activation of a mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade induces WRKY family of transcription factors and defense genes in tobacco","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1360\/03yc0074","article-title":"Mitogen-activated protein kinases mediate the oxidative burst and saponin synthesis induced by chitosan in cell cultures of Panax ginseng","volume":"47","author":"Hu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sci. China, Ser. C Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.2.741","article-title":"Activation of a mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway is involved in disease resistance in tobacco","volume":"98","author":"Yang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-19-1027","article-title":"The MEK5-ERK5 kinase axis controls lipid metabolism in small-cell lung cancer","volume":"80","author":"Cristea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s40268-023-00442-6","article-title":"Simvastatin preferentially targets FLT3\/ITD acute myeloid leukemia by inhibiting MEK\/ERK and p38-MAPK signaling pathways","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drugs R&D"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib79","article-title":"The FOS\/AP-1 regulates metabolic changes and cholesterol synthesis in human periovulatory granulosa cells","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinol. (United States)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2015.07.014","article-title":"Differentiation and apoptosis induction by lovastatin and \u03b3-tocotrienol in HL-60 cells via Ras\/ERK\/NF-\u03baB and Ras\/Akt\/NF-\u03baB signaling dependent down-regulation of glyoxalase 1 and HMG-CoA reductase","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-022-01250-6","article-title":"Chromatin accessibility and transcriptome integrative analysis revealed AP-1-mediated genes potentially modulate histopathology features in psoriasis","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00202.x","article-title":"Hepatocyte growth factor regulates proteoglycan synthesis in interstitial fibroblasts","volume":"64","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-010-0315-9","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 stimulates biglycan synthesis via p38 and ERK phosphorylation of the linker region of Smad2","volume":"67","author":"Burch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2012-0226OC","article-title":"Glycosyltransferases and glycosaminoglycans in bleomycin and transforming growth factor-\u03b21-induced pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"50","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s12079-018-0495-x","article-title":"Transforming growth factor\u2013\u03b21 mediated CHST11 and CHSY1 mRNA expression is ROS dependent in vascular smooth muscle cells, J","volume":"13","author":"Mohamed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."}],"container-title":["Fish &amp; Shellfish Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S105046482600536X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S105046482600536X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T21:57:15Z","timestamp":1788299835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S105046482600536X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":85,"alternative-id":["S105046482600536X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632","relation":{},"ISSN":["1050-4648"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1050-4648","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Modified \u03b2-glucans promote saponin and fucosylated chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus in association with activation of the TLR-MAPK signaling pathway","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Fish & Shellfish Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111632","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111632"}}