{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T03:35:44Z","timestamp":1792985744269,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["321586"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["321586"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Fish &amp; Shellfish Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:20:56Z","timestamp":1788222056000},"page":"111700","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Source-dependent effects of dietary astaxanthins on health and mucosal immunity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"179","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8487-1174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"SM Majharul","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3557-3768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mette","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Ossenkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad A.B.","family":"Siddik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1222-0743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica F.","family":"Brinchmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f8rgen","family":"Lerfall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5480-4424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viviane","family":"Verlhac-Trichet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence Perera","family":"Willora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim D.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis N.","family":"Vatsos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7851","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03308-6","article-title":"A 20-year retrospective review of global aquaculture","volume":"591","author":"Naylor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib2","series-title":"Welfare Indicators for Farmed Atlantic Salmon: Tools for Assessing Fish Welfare, Nofima","author":"Noble","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2010.05.002","article-title":"Inflammatory and regenerative responses in salmonids following mechanical tissue damage and natural infection","volume":"29","author":"Ingerslev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib4","article-title":"Natural pigments in food and feed: current status, gaps, and sustainability recommendations across biological kingdoms","volume":"29","author":"Minaya","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2006.06.049","article-title":"Modeling optimal dietary pigmentation strategies in farmed Atlantic salmon: application of mixed-integer non-linear mathematical programming techniques","volume":"261","author":"Forsberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2014.09.002","article-title":"Microalgae as versatile cellular factories for valued products","volume":"6","author":"Koller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3138","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03847","article-title":"Effect of astaxanthin produced by Phaffia rhodozyma on growth performance, meat quality, and fecal noxious gas emission in broilers","volume":"93","author":"Jeong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2018.09.031","article-title":"The effects of concentration and supplementation time of natural and synthetic sources of astaxanthin on the colouration of the prawn Penaeus monodon","volume":"35","author":"Angell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2021.102347","article-title":"Effects of natural astaxanthin from microalgae and chemically synthetic astaxanthin supplementation on two different varieties of the ridgetail white prawn (Exopalaemon carinicauda)","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232415471","article-title":"Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of astaxanthin on gastrointestinal diseases","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib11","article-title":"Investigation of the molecular mechanisms of antioxidant damage and immune response downregulation in liver of Coilia nasus under starvation stress","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2017.09.012","article-title":"Growth and nephrocalcinosis for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) post-smolt exposed to elevated carbon dioxide partial pressures","volume":"482","author":"Fivelstad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10121236","article-title":"Blood performance: a new formula for fish growth and health","volume":"10","author":"Esmaeili","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2018.10.030","article-title":"Fish hematology analysis as an important tool of aquaculture: a review","volume":"500","author":"Fazio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib15","article-title":"Nutrient digestibility, growth, mucosal barrier status, and activity of leucocytes from head kidney of Atlantic salmon fed marine- or plant-derived protein and lipid sources","volume":"11","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2006.06.046","article-title":"Astaxanthin digestibility as affected by ration levels for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar","volume":"261","author":"Ytrest\u00f8yl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2018.02.024","article-title":"Over-accumulation of astaxanthin in Haematococcus pluvialis through chloroplast genetic engineering","volume":"31","author":"Galarza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030600838399","article-title":"Determination of astaxanthin stereoisomers and colour attributes in flesh of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as a tool to distinguish the dietary pigmentation source","volume":"23","author":"Moretti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/aobpla\/plt026","article-title":"From genetic improvement to commercial-scale mass culture of a Chilean strain of the green microalga Haematococcus pluvialis with enhanced productivity of the red ketocarotenoid astaxanthin","volume":"5","author":"G\u00f3mez","year":"2013","journal-title":"AoB Plants"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1002\/jhrc.1240100606","article-title":"HPLC separation and determination of astacene, semiastacene, astaxanthin, and other keto\u2010carotenoids","volume":"10","author":"Vecchi","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. High Resolut. Chromatogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2024.109549","article-title":"Mucosal barrier status in Atlantic salmon fed rapeseed oil and Schizochytrium oil partly or fully replacing fish oil through winter depression","volume":"149","author":"Islam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-009-9314-x","article-title":"Effects of repeated crowding on the stress response and growth performance in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)","volume":"36","author":"Basrur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2025.743142","article-title":"Effects of full-fat black soldier fly larvae and yellow mealworm meals on blood composition and liver health in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)","volume":"612","author":"Islam","year":"2026","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.741648","article-title":"Full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal and yellow mealworm meal: impact on feed protein quality, growth and nutrient utilization of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post smolts","volume":"595","author":"Willora","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2003.10.035","article-title":"Utilization of astaxanthin from red yeast, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: effects of enzymatic cell wall disruption and feed extrusion temperature","volume":"236","author":"Storebakken","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2003.10.034","article-title":"Stability of astaxanthin from red yeast, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, during feed processing: effects of enzymatic cell wall disruption and extrusion temperature","volume":"231","author":"Storebakken","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib27","article-title":"Effects of Haematococcus pluvialis powder in the diet of golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) on the growth performance, pigmentation, hepatic and intestinal health, antioxidant capacity and immunity","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11122473","article-title":"Comparison of the retention rates of synthetic and natural astaxanthin in feeds and their effects on pigmentation, growth, and health in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib29","article-title":"Effects of dietary astaxanthin on growth performance, immunity, and tissue composition in largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3421","DOI":"10.1111\/are.13806","article-title":"Dietary astaxanthin differentially affected the lipid accumulation in the liver and muscle of the marine teleost, tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes","volume":"49","author":"Liao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38826-y","article-title":"An in-depth characterisation of European seabass intestinal segments for assessing the impact of an algae-based functional diet on intestinal health","volume":"13","author":"Ferreira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.041","article-title":"From dietary fiber to host physiology: short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites","volume":"165","author":"Koh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1089\/152308603321223630","article-title":"Astaxanthin limits exercise-induced skeletal and cardiac muscle damage in mice","volume":"5","author":"Aoi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signaling"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-023-01105-8","article-title":"Study of the antioxidant capacity of astaxanthin in cells against radiation-induced strong oxidative stress","volume":"31","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2025.1595039","article-title":"Astaxanthin enhances antioxidant capacity to alleviate thermal stress-induced liver inflammation in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides): a multi-omics insight into glutathione metabolism remodeling","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.02.036","article-title":"Antioxidant signaling via Nrf2 counteracts lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammatory responses in foam cell macrophages","volume":"50","author":"Kuhn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.10.102","article-title":"Nrf2-dependent protection from LPS induced inflammatory response and mortality by CDDO-Imidazolide","volume":"351","author":"Thimmulappa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.11.005","article-title":"Nrf2 signaling pathway: pivotal roles in inflammation","volume":"1863","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib37","article-title":"Impact of dietary astaxanthin sources on growth performance, antioxidant status, immune response, and intestinal morphology in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","volume":"43","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1111\/are.15758","article-title":"Effects of a novel weakened whole\u2010cell form of Haematococcus pluvialis on flesh pigmentation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) when compared to synthetic astaxanthin","volume":"53","author":"Hart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2023.08.007","article-title":"New insights into the unfolded protein response (UPR)-anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) pathway in the regulation of intestinal barrier function in weaned piglets","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2015.32","article-title":"New developments in goblet cell mucus secretion and function","volume":"8","author":"Birchenough","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2024.03.010","article-title":"Effects of dietary astaxanthin supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant status, immune response, and intestinal health of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","volume":"17","author":"Meng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib40","article-title":"Astaxanthin alleviates Ochratoxin A-induced cecum injury and inflammation in mice by regulating the diversity of cecal microbiota and TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway, oxidative med","volume":"2021","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Longev."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2015.06.003","article-title":"Three cheers for the goblet cell: maintaining homeostasis in mucosal epithelia","volume":"21","author":"McCauley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.739164","article-title":"Modulation of intestinal growth and differentiation by photoperiod and dietary treatment during smoltification in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, L.)","volume":"566","author":"Duarte","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612822","article-title":"Chronic stress that changed intestinal permeability and induced inflammation was restored by estrogen","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.12531","article-title":"Development of intestinal ion\u2010transporting mechanisms during smoltification and seawater acclimation in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar","volume":"85","author":"Sundh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Fish. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.70.113006.100702","article-title":"Structure and function of the polymeric mucins in airways mucus","volume":"70","author":"Thornton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-019-00362-w","article-title":"Astaxanthin enhances hematology, antioxidant and immunological parameters, immune-related gene expression, and disease resistance against in Channa argus","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.503","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from fish epidermis: perspectives for investigative dermatology","volume":"133","author":"Rakers","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2014.04.019","article-title":"Effects of dietary carotenoid source and level on growth, skin pigmentation, antioxidant activity and chemical composition of juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus","volume":"431","author":"Pham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2014.06.038","article-title":"Effects of dietary astaxanthin and xanthophylls on the growth and skin pigmentation of large yellow croaker Larimichthys croceus","volume":"433","author":"Yi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2008.00790.x","article-title":"Astaxanthin, canthaxanthin and \u03b2\u2010carotene differently affect UVA\u2010induced oxidative damage and expression of oxidative stress\u2010responsive enzymes","volume":"18","author":"Camera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171178","article-title":"Preventive effect of dietary astaxanthin on UVA-induced skin photoaging in hairless mice","volume":"12","author":"Komatsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112179","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory action of astaxanthin and its use in the treatment of various diseases","volume":"145","author":"Kohandel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9510","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27818-y","article-title":"Atlantic salmon skin barrier functions gradually enhance after seawater transfer","volume":"8","author":"Karlsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.191","article-title":"The role of MUC2 mucin in intestinal homeostasis and the impact of dietary components on MUC2 expression","volume":"164","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib55","article-title":"Dietary supplementation of astaxanthin is superior to its combination with Lactococcus lactis in improving the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity and disease resistance of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquac. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.06.033","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis reveals the potential mechanism of dietary carotenoids improving antioxidative capability and immunity of juvenile Chinese mitten crabs Eriocheir sinensis","volume":"104","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.741502","article-title":"Fermentation and fortification of Sargassum linearifolium with multi-strain probiotics improves mucosal barrier status, inflammatory response and resistance to Vibrio harveyi infection in barramundi Lates calcarifer","volume":"595","author":"Siddik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib58","first-page":"41","article-title":"Protective effects of astaxanthin against oxidative stress caused by diazinon in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gil","volume":"17","author":"Shabanzadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Aquac. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179821","article-title":"Toxicity of 6PPD-quinone in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) under baseline and Vibrio alginolyticus challenge conditions: protective insights from astaxanthin mitigation","volume":"987","author":"Gamil","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3055","DOI":"10.1139\/z89-429","article-title":"Gill morphometry and fish osmoregulation","volume":"67","author":"Laurent","year":"1989","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.737516","article-title":"Mucosal barrier status in Atlantic salmon fed marine or plant-based diets supplemented with probiotics","volume":"547","author":"Nimalan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2008.06.042","article-title":"Ulcer preventive and antioxidative properties of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis","volume":"590","author":"Kamath","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.740629","article-title":"New perspectives on the mechanism of curcumin in the gill mucosal immune barrier damaged by ochratoxin A in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)","volume":"583","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2016.09.029","article-title":"Dietary vitamin C deficiency depressed the gill physical barriers and immune barriers referring to Nrf2, apoptosis, MLCK, NF-\u03baB and TOR signaling in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) under infection of Flavobacterium columnare","volume":"58","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib65","first-page":"1656","article-title":"Astaxanthin protects ARPE-19 cells from oxidative stress via upregulation of Nrf2-regulated phase II enzymes through activation of PI3K\/Akt","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2020.111714","article-title":"Astaxanthin targets PI3K\/Akt signaling pathway toward potential therapeutic applications","volume":"145","author":"Zarneshan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.06.007","article-title":"The role of gut microbiome-derived short-chain fatty acid butyrate in hepatobiliary diseases","volume":"193","author":"Pant","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12010136","article-title":"More than an antioxidant: role of dietary astaxanthin on lipid and glucose metabolism in the liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","volume":"12","author":"Kalinowski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2004.02.074","article-title":"Nrf2 signaling in coordinated activation of antioxidant gene expression","volume":"36","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.11.006","article-title":"The Nrf2 activator tBHQ inhibits T cell activation of primary human CD4 T cells","volume":"71","author":"Turley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21396","article-title":"The Keap1\u2013Nrf2\u2013ARE pathway as a potential preventive and therapeutic target: an update","volume":"36","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-305X(81)80034-1","article-title":"Preliminary studies on the ontogeny of the melano-macrophages of teleost haemopoietic tissues and age-related changes","volume":"5","author":"Agius","year":"1981","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib73","first-page":"97","article-title":"Dietary astaxanthin (Lucantin\u00ae Pink) mitigated oxidative stress induced by diazinon in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","volume":"14","author":"Shabanzadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Forum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2024.109779","article-title":"Astaxanthin improves lipotoxicity, lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in kidney of sucrose-rich diet-fed rats","volume":"135","author":"Joubert","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aaf.2016.09.003","article-title":"Effect of copper nanoparticles exposure in the physiology of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio): biochemical, histological and proteomic approaches","volume":"1","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquac Fish"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib76","first-page":"263","article-title":"Histopathology of the kidney of Channa punctatus (BLOCH) exposed to sublethal and chronic levels of industrial pollutants. II: trunk kidney","volume":"115","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"1987","journal-title":"Zool. Jahrb. - Abt. Anat. Ontog. Tiere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib77","series-title":"Immune Response Activation and Immunomodulation","article-title":"Nucleated red blood cells contribute to the host immune response against pathogens","author":"Chico","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.734339","article-title":"Dietary supplementation of astaxanthin enhances hemato-biochemistry and innate immunity of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790)","volume":"512","author":"Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-8844.169745","article-title":"Role of antioxidants in facilitating the body functions: a review","volume":"7","author":"Kattappagari","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Orofac. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib80","first-page":"2","article-title":"Natural astaxanthin improves blood flow and fights high blood pressure","volume":"25","author":"Serrano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agro Food Ind. Hi Tech"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199905010-00203","article-title":"Normal and abnormal effects of free radicals in blood cells","volume":"45","author":"Bracci","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."}],"container-title":["Fish &amp; Shellfish Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1050464826006042?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1050464826006042?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T03:29:46Z","timestamp":1792985386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1050464826006042"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":85,"alternative-id":["S1050464826006042"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700","relation":{},"ISSN":["1050-4648"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1050-4648","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Source-dependent effects of dietary astaxanthins on health and mucosal immunity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Fish & Shellfish Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2026.111700","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111700"}}