{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T14:55:01Z","timestamp":1776351301436,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","fsigenetics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Forensic Science International: Genetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T11:55:19Z","timestamp":1644580519000},"page":"102677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The genetic landscape of South African males: A Y-STR perspective"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Kasu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.W.","family":"Cloete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Pitere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.J.","family":"Tsiana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.E.","family":"D\u2019Amato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00194309","article-title":"Simple repeat sequences on the human Y chromosome are equally polymorphic as their autosomal counterparts","volume":"89","author":"Roewer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-009-9089-5","article-title":"Y chromosome STR typing in crime casework","volume":"5","author":"Roewer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Med. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-017-1776-9","article-title":"Forensic use of Y-chromosome DNA: a general overview","volume":"136","author":"Kayser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2010.08.006","article-title":"Mutability of Y-chromosomal microsatellites: rates, characteristics, molecular bases, and forensic implications.","volume":"87","author":"Ballantyne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.22599","article-title":"Toward male individualization with rapidly mutating Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats","volume":"35","author":"Ballantyne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"humu.24068","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.24068","article-title":"Identification and characterization of novel rapidly mutating Y\u2010chromosomal short tandem repeat markers","volume":"41","author":"Ralf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2016.07.006","article-title":"Developmental validation of the Yfiler\u00ae Plus PCR Amplification Kit: An enhanced Y-STR multiplex for casework and database applications","volume":"24","author":"Gopinath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2012.10.013","article-title":"Developmental validation of the PowerPlex\u00ae Y23 System: A single multiplex Y-STR analysis system for casework and database samples","volume":"7","author":"Thompson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2014.04.008","article-title":"A global analysis of Y-chromosomal haplotype diversity for 23 STR loci","volume":"12","author":"Purps","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2014.11.024","article-title":"The new y chromosome haplotype reference database","volume":"15","author":"Willuweit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.07.009","article-title":"Properties of novel and widely studied Y-STR loci in three South African populations","volume":"168","author":"Leat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigss.2009.08.091","article-title":"Evaluation of 21 Y-STRs for population and forensic studies","volume":"2","author":"D\u2019Amato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. Suppl. Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2009.06.011","article-title":"Characterization of the highly discriminatory loci DYS449, DYS481, DYS518, DYS612, DYS626, DYS644 and DYS710","volume":"4","author":"D\u2019Amato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2010.08.015","article-title":"Design and validation of a highly discriminatory 10-locus Y-chromosome STR multiplex system","volume":"5","author":"D\u2019Amato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib15","unstructured":"M. Kasu, Validation and application of a highly discriminating and rapid 10-locus Y-STR DNA profiling system, University of the Western Cape, 2019. \u3008http:\/\/etd.uwc.ac.za\/xmlui\/handle\/11394\/6760\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigss.2017.09.048","article-title":"Population analysis of African Y-STR profiles with UniQ TYPERTM Y-10 genotyping system","volume":"6","author":"D\u2019Amato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. Suppl. Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigss.2019.10.033","article-title":"Forensic parameters and genetic structure based on Y-chromosome short tandem repeats in Lesotho populations","volume":"7","author":"Lesaoana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. Suppl. Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib18","unstructured":"Statistics South Africa, Census 2011. Census in brief, Pretoria, 2011. \u3008http:\/\/www.statssa.gov.za\/census\/census_2011\/census_products\/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5154","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1017511108","article-title":"Hunter-gatherer genomic diversity suggests a southern African origin for modern humans","volume":"108","author":"Henn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1714-1","article-title":"Human origins in a southern African palaeo-wetland and first migrations","volume":"575","author":"Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao6266","article-title":"Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago","author":"Schlebusch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. (80-. ). 358"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021853705000770","article-title":"The archaeology of southern most Africa from c. 2000 BP to the early 1800s: A review of recent research","volume":"46","author":"Mitchell","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Afr. Hist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib23","first-page":"79","article-title":"The archaeology of the Nguni past","volume":"16","author":"Huffman","year":"2004","journal-title":"South Afr. Humanit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib24","unstructured":"H. Hammarstr\u00f6m, R. Forkel, M. Haspelmath, S. Bank, Glottolog 4.3 -, Jena, 2020. \u3008https:\/\/glottolog.org\/\u3009 (accessed March 3, 2021)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib25","series-title":"Goodwin\u2019s Leg.","first-page":"54","article-title":"Archaeology and early venda history","author":"Loubser","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib26","series-title":"Inside Indian Indenture: A South African Story, 1860\u20131914.","first-page":"1","author":"Desai","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu263","article-title":"Static and Moving Frontiers: The Genetic Landscape of Southern African Bantu-Speaking Populations","volume":"32","author":"Marks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib28","first-page":"106","article-title":"The griqua and the khoikhoi: biology, ethnicity and the construction of identity","volume":"24","author":"Morris","year":"1997","journal-title":"Kronos"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2010.02.014","article-title":"Strong Maternal Khoisan contribution to the south african coloured population: a case of gender-biased admixture","volume":"86","author":"Quintana-Murci","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1590\/S1415-47572013005000019","article-title":"Reconstruction of major maternal and paternal lineages of the Cape Muslim population","volume":"36","author":"Isaacs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2020.102270","article-title":"Allele frequency data for 23 Y-chromosome short tandem repeats (STRs) for the South African population","volume":"46","author":"Reid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2020.102342","article-title":"Predicting haplogroups using a versatile machine learning program (PredYMaLe) on a new mutationally balanced 32 Y-STR multiplex (CombYplex): Unlocking the full potential of the human STR mutation rate spectrum to estimate forensic parameters","volume":"48","author":"Bouakaze","year":"2020","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigss.2009.08.091","article-title":"Evaluation of 21 Y-STRs for population and forensic studies","volume":"2","author":"D\u2019Amato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. Suppl. Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10097","article-title":"Genetic substructure in South African Bantu-speakers: Evidence from autosomal DNA and Y-chromosome studies","volume":"119","author":"Lane","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(01)00242-8","article-title":"The epidemiology of rape and sexual coercion in South Africa: an overview","volume":"55","author":"Jewkes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2020.102299","article-title":"Ethical publication of research on genetics and genomics of biological material: guidelines and recommendations","volume":"48","author":"D\u2019Amato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigss.2017.09.050","article-title":"Preservation of DNA from saliva samples in suboptimal conditions","volume":"6","author":"Burrows","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. Suppl. Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigss.2019.10.034","article-title":"Preservation of DNA integrity in biological material","volume":"7","author":"Burrows","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. Suppl. Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.A. Miller, D.D. Dykes, H.F. Polesky, A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells., Nucleic Acids Res. 16 (1988) 1215. \u3008http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/3344216\u3009 (accessed 2 October 2017).","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/16.3.1215"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib40","article-title":"Design, installation, and performance evaluation of a custom dye matrix standard for automated capillary","volume":"38","author":"Cloete","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electrophor, Electrophor"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib41","first-page":"246","article-title":"Allelic ladder production for a 10 locus Y\u2010chromosome DNA profiling system","volume":"3","author":"Kasu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sep. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msr089","article-title":"Signatures of the preagricultural peopling processes in sub-saharan africa as revealed by the phylogeography of early y chromosome lineages","volume":"28","author":"Batini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2016.07.007","article-title":"GlobalFiler\u00ae Express DNA amplification kit in South Africa: Extracting the past from the present","volume":"24","author":"Ristow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2014.07.004","article-title":"Familias 3 - Extensions and new functionality","volume":"13","author":"Kling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib45","series-title":"Molecular Evolutionary Genetics","author":"Nei","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2010.02847.x","article-title":"Arlequin suite ver 3.5: a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows","volume":"10","author":"Excoffier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1086\/380416","article-title":"Informativeness of genetic markers for inference of ancestry.","volume":"73","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigss.2017.09.006","article-title":"Forensic statistics analysis toolbox (FORSTAT): A streamlined workflow for forensic statistics","author":"Ristow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. Suppl. Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib49","unstructured":"J. Goudet, FSTAT, a program to estimate and test gene diversities and fixation indices, version 2.9.3, 2001."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02300753","article-title":"Accuracy of estimated phylogenetic trees from molecular data","volume":"19","author":"Nei","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Mol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msp312","article-title":"POPTREE2: software for constructing population trees from allele frequency data and computing other population statistics with windows interface","volume":"27","author":"Takezaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03205177","article-title":"ALSCAL: a nonmetric multidimensional scaling program with several individual-differences options","volume":"10","author":"Young","year":"1978","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods Instrum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289565","article-title":"Multidimensional scaling by optimizing goodness of fit to a nonmetric hypothesis","volume":"29","author":"Kruskal","year":"1964","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/144.1.389","article-title":"Genetic distances and reconstruction of phylogenetic trees from microsatellite DNA","volume":"144","author":"Takezaki","year":"1996","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.107.081505","article-title":"Empirical tests of the reliability of phylogenetic trees constructed with microsatellite DNA","volume":"178","author":"Takezaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2009.10.001","article-title":"Analysis of seventeen Y-chromosome STR loci in the Cape Muslim population of South Africa","volume":"12","author":"Cloete","year":"2010","journal-title":"Leg. Med. (Tokyo)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib57","unstructured":"M. Maechler, P. Rousseeuw, A. Struyf, M. Hubert, K. Hornik, M. Studer, P. Roudier, J. Gonzalez, K. Kozlowski, E. Schubert, K. Murphy, Package cluster: Finding Groups in Data: Cluster Analysis Extended. R package version 2.1.0., 2019. \u3008https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/cluster\/index.html\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib58","unstructured":"A. Kassambara, F. Mundt, factoextra: Extract and Visualize the Results of Multivariate Data Analyses, 2020. \u3008https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=factoextra\u3009 (accessed August 24, 2020)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1021\/ci00065a010","article-title":"New index for clustering tendency and its application to chemical problems","volume":"30","author":"Lawson","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9868.00293","article-title":"Estimating the number of clusters in a data set via the gap statistic","volume":"63","author":"Tibshirani","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B (Stat. Methodol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib61","unstructured":"B. Schloerke, D. Cook, J. Larmarange, F. Briatte, M. Marbach, E. Thoen, A. Elberg, O. Toomet, J. Crowley, H. Hofmann, H. Wickham, GGally: Extension to \u201cggplot2,\u201d 2020. \u3008https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=GGally\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2016-014","article-title":"Spatio-temporal interpolation using gstat","volume":"8","author":"Gr\u00e4ler","year":"2016","journal-title":"R. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2004.03.012","article-title":"Multivariable geostatistics in S: The gstat package","volume":"30","author":"Pebesma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2008.10.011","article-title":"Real-time automatic interpolation of ambient gamma dose rates from the Dutch radioactivity monitoring network","volume":"35","author":"Hiemstra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2014.285","article-title":"Y-chromosome descent clusters and male differential reproductive success: Young lineage expansions dominate Asian pastoral nomadic populations, Eur","volume":"23","author":"Balaresque","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026036","article-title":"Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies","volume":"16","author":"Bandelt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-019-02056-7","article-title":"Novel Y-chromosome short tandem repeat sequence variation for loci DYS710, DYS518, DYS385, DYS644, DYS612, DYS626, DYS504, DYS481, DYS447 and DYS449","volume":"133","author":"Kasu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib68","series-title":"Y-STR profiling of four South African Populations using the University of the Western Cape 10 locus set","author":"Tsiana","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3018","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201500243","article-title":"Forensic performance of Investigator DIPplex indels genotyping kit in native, immigrant, and admixed populations in South Africa","volume":"36","author":"Hefke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2017.06.002","article-title":"Evaluation of the InnoTyper\u00ae21 genotyping kit in multi-ethnic populations","volume":"30","author":"Ristow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00438-020-01696-4","article-title":"Geographical structuring and low diversity of paternal lineages in Bahrain shown by analysis of 27 Y-STRs","volume":"295","author":"Al-Snan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Genom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2018.11.002","article-title":"Rapidly mutating Y-STRs in rapidly expanding populations: Discrimination power of the Yfiler Plus multiplex in northern Africa","volume":"38","author":"D\u2019Atanasio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2015.02.006","article-title":"Forensic and population genetic analyses of Danes, Greenlanders and Somalis typed with the Yfiler\u00ae Plus PCR amplification kit","volume":"16","author":"Olofsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2016.12.015","article-title":"Forensic data and microvariant sequence characterization of 27 Y-STR loci analyzed in four Eastern African countries","volume":"27","author":"Iacovacci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigss.2019.10.133","article-title":"LOW DISCRIMINATION POWER OF THE YFILERTM PLUS PCR AMPLIFICATION KIT IN AFRICAN POPULATIONS. DO WE NEED MORE RM Y-STRs?","volume":"7","author":"Della Rocca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. Suppl. Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib76","unstructured":"South African Government, Recognition of Customary Marriages Act 120 of 1998 | South African Government, Cape Town, South Africa, 1998. \u3008https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/recognition-customary-marriages-act\u3009 (accessed 9 March 2021)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021853700031832","article-title":"Sources of conflict in southern africa c. 1800\u201330: The \u2018mfecane\u2019 reconsidered","volume":"33","author":"Eldredge","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Afr. Hist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib78","first-page":"1","article-title":"Climate and the mfecane","volume":"110","author":"Garstang","year":"2014","journal-title":"S Afr. J. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021853700029418","article-title":"The Central Beliefs of the Xhosa Cattle-Killing on JSTOR","volume":"1","author":"Peires","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Afr. Hist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22207-y","article-title":"Genetic substructure and complex demographic history of South African Bantu speakers","volume":"12","author":"Sengupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5201408","article-title":"Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes","volume":"13","author":"Wood","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.2007.00363.x","article-title":"Deconstructing Jaco: genetic heritage of an afrikaner","volume":"71","author":"Greeff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-020-0746-1","article-title":"Patterns of African and Asian admixture in the Afrikaner population of South Africa","volume":"18","author":"Hollfelder","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431-019-0496-0","article-title":"The Dutch Y-chromosomal landscape, Eur","volume":"28","author":"Altena","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2013.12.008","article-title":"Y-chromosomal DNA analysis in French male lineages","volume":"9","author":"Ramos-Luis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib86","series-title":"The History of South Africa","author":"Thompson","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2010.09.010","article-title":"Geostatistical inference of main Y-STR-haplotype groups in Europe","volume":"5","author":"Diaz-Lacava","year":"2011","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2020.102308","article-title":"DNA commission of the International Society of Forensic Genetics (ISFG): Recommendations on the interpretation of Y-STR results in forensic analysis","volume":"48","author":"Roewer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-019-02012-5","article-title":"Demand for larger Y-STR reference databases in ethnic melting-pot countries: Argentina as a test case","volume":"133","author":"Caputo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677_bib90","first-page":"2225","article-title":"VAT: A tool for visual assessment of (cluster) tendency.","volume":"3","author":"Bezdek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Int. Jt. Conf. Neural Networks"}],"container-title":["Forensic Science International: Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1872497322000187?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1872497322000187?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T11:05:53Z","timestamp":1761735953000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1872497322000187"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"references-count":90,"alternative-id":["S1872497322000187"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677","relation":{},"ISSN":["1872-4973"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1872-4973","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The genetic landscape of South African males: A Y-STR perspective","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Forensic Science International: Genetics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsigen.2022.102677","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102677"}}