{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T16:09:52Z","timestamp":1789142992694,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","fsigenetics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Forensic Science International: Genetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T07:51:47Z","timestamp":1764316307000},"page":"103408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Forensic geolocation of Norwegian soil samples using random forest analysis of microbiomes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4361-0894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurora","family":"Hofsvang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eirik Nat\u00e5s","family":"Hanssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric Jacques de","family":"Muinck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e5l","family":"Trosvik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ane Elida","family":"Fonnel\u00f8p","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/sia.3315","article-title":"Measurement of soil characteristics for forensic applications","volume":"42","author":"Dawson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surf. Interface Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2016.10.005","article-title":"Soil characterisation by bacterial community analysis for forensic applications: a quantitative comparison of environmental technologies","volume":"26","author":"Habtom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00728.x","article-title":"Spatial and temporal influences on bacterial profiling of forensic soil samples","volume":"53","author":"Meyers","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2018.11.010","article-title":"Applying microbial biogeography in soil forensics","volume":"38","author":"Habtom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14202","article-title":"Bacterial profiling of soil for forensic investigations: consideration of ex situ changes in questioned and known soil samples","volume":"65","author":"Foran","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib6","series-title":"Soil Comparisons Using Small Soil Traces, A Case Report","author":"Uitdehaag","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.12.004","article-title":"Microbial soil community analyses for forensic science: application to a blind test","volume":"270","author":"Deman\u00e8che","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.02.028","article-title":"The environmental biological signature: NGS profiling for forensic comparison of soils","volume":"240","author":"Giampaoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.56.3.782-787.1990","article-title":"High diversity in DNA of soil bacteria","volume":"56","author":"Torsvik","year":"1990","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"5739","key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1112665","article-title":"Computational improvements reveal great bacterial diversity and high metal toxicity in soil","volume":"309","author":"Gans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1656(98)00103-5","article-title":"Novel techniques for analysing microbial diversity in natural and perturbed environments","volume":"64","author":"Torsvik","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1525\/elementa.005","article-title":"Associations between human impacts and forest soil microbial communities","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elementa Sci. Anthropocene"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.87","article-title":"Embracing the unknown: disentangling the complexities of the soil microbiome","volume":"15","author":"Fierer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069705","article-title":"Spatial and temporal biogeography of soil microbial communities in arid and semiarid regions","volume":"8","author":"Pasternak","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13049","article-title":"Next-generation sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene for forensic soil comparison: a feasibility study","volume":"61","author":"Jesmok","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2010.01542.x","article-title":"Discrimination of soils at regional and local levels using bacterial and fungal T-RFLP profiling","volume":"56","author":"Macdonald","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.111060","article-title":"Assessment of the link between evidence and crime scene through soil bacterial and fungal microbiome: a mock case in forensic study","volume":"329","author":"Karaday\u0131","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13753","article-title":"Time radically alters ex situ evidentiary soil 16S bacterial profiles produced via next-generation sequencing","volume":"63","author":"Badgley","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib19","article-title":"Patterns of local, intercontinental and interseasonal variation of soil bacterial and eukaryotic microbial communities","volume":"96","author":"De Gruyter","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116547","article-title":"Temperature \u2013 A critical abiotic paradigm that governs bacterial heterogeneity in natural ecological system","volume":"234","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib21","unstructured":"Tin Kam, H. Random decision forests. in Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. 1995."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00984-1","article-title":"Machine learning for microbiologists","volume":"22","author":"Asnicar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib23","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0279-1","article-title":"A novel ultra high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing library preparation method for the Illumina HiSeq platform","volume":"5","author":"de Muinck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib25","unstructured":"Andrews, S. FastQC: A quality control tool for high throughput sequence data. 2010 [cited 2025 04.03]; Available from: \u3008https:\/\/www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk\/projects\/fastqc\/\u3009."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw354","article-title":"MultiQC: summarize analysis results for multiple tools and samples in a single report","volume":"32","author":"Ewels","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data","volume":"13","author":"Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","article-title":"The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools","volume":"41","author":"Quast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib29","first-page":"18","article-title":"Classification and Regression by RandomForest","volume":"2","author":"Liaw","year":"2002","journal-title":"R. News"},{"issue":"6373","key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap9516","article-title":"A global atlas of the dominant bacteria found in soil","volume":"359","author":"Delgado-Baquerizo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib31","unstructured":"LPSN. Class Terriglobia. 2022 [cited 2025 26.08]; Available from: \u3008https:\/\/lpsn.dsmz.de\/class\/terriglobia\u3009."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00858-1","article-title":"Using soil bacterial communities to predict physico-chemical variables and soil quality","volume":"8","author":"Hermans","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5890","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24280-8","article-title":"Impact of sequencing depth on the characterization of the microbiome and resistome","volume":"8","author":"Zaheer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiaa192","article-title":"Temporal variation in soil bacterial communities can be confounded with spatial variation","volume":"96","author":"Hermans","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2013.50","article-title":"Temporal variability in soil microbial communities across land-use types","volume":"7","author":"Lauber","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-022-02650-7","article-title":"Choice of DNA extraction method affects detection of bacterial taxa from retail chicken breast","volume":"22","author":"Flint","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003531","article-title":"Waste not, want not: why rarefying microbiome data is inadmissible","volume":"10","author":"McMurdie","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.5.2867-2879.2004","article-title":"Seasonal changes in an alpine soil bacterial community in the colorado rocky mountains","volume":"70","author":"Lipson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3779","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.9.3779-3784.2001","article-title":"Distribution and diversity of symbiotic thermophiles, symbiobacterium thermophilum and related bacteria, in natural environments","volume":"67","author":"Ueda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib40","article-title":"Standardising a microbiome pipeline for body fluid identification from complex crime scene stains","author":"Swayambhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261889","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1261889","article-title":"Machine learning approaches in microbiome research: challenges and best practices","volume":"14","author":"Papoutsoglou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evae209","article-title":"Microbiome geographic population structure (mGPS) detects fine-scale geography","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genome Biol. Evol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random forests","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."}],"container-title":["Forensic Science International: Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1872497325001887?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1872497325001887?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T16:30:43Z","timestamp":1772209843000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1872497325001887"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["S1872497325001887"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408","relation":{},"ISSN":["1872-4973"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1872-4973","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Forensic geolocation of Norwegian soil samples using random forest analysis of microbiomes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Forensic Science International: Genetics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsigen.2025.103408","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103408"}}