{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T16:16:49Z","timestamp":1788193009462,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021068","name":"University of the Americas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021068","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of Rio de Janeiro State","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","fsigenetics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Forensic Science International: Genetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T15:46:49Z","timestamp":1784216809000},"page":"103584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Mitochondrial DNA diversity in Ecuadorian populations: Recurrence of variant 16136 within haplogroup B2"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Flores-Espinoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Sim\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Garz\u00f3n-Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Cabrera-Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Calvopi\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.F.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Burgos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Gusm\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib1","series-title":"Advanced Topics in Forensic DNA Typing: Methodology","author":"Butler","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2007.07.004","article-title":"Evaluation of mitochondrial DNA coding region assays for increased discrimination in forensic analysis","volume":"2","author":"Nilsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.05.037","article-title":"Phylogeographic investigations: The role of trees in forensic genetics","volume":"168","author":"Salas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.20921","article-title":"Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation","volume":"30","author":"van Oven","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2012.01.002","article-title":"The Basque Paradigm: Genetic Evidence of a Maternal Continuity in the Franco-Cantabrian Region since Pre-Neolithic Times","volume":"90","author":"Behar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Human. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib6","first-page":"519","article-title":"mtDNA History of the Cayapa Amerinds of Ecuador: Detection of Additional Founding Lineages for the Native American Populations, Am","volume":"65","author":"Rickards","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigss.2019.09.055","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA study in the Shuar ethnic group from Ecuador","volume":"7","author":"Leone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. Suppl. Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2011.131","article-title":"Genetic uniqueness of the Waorani tribe from the Ecuadorian Amazon","volume":"108","author":"Cardoso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hered. (Edinb. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-011-0656-4","article-title":"Mitochondrial diversity in Amerindian Kichwa and Mestizo populations from Ecuador","volume":"126","author":"Baeta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-020-06834-1","article-title":"Tracing the genetic history of the \u201cCa\u00f1aris\u201d from Ecuador and Peru using uniparental DNA markers","volume":"21","author":"Sandoval","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Genom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/ahg.12145","article-title":"F.R. Santos, The genetic history of Peruvian Quechua-Lamistas and Chankas: uniparental DNA patterns among Autochthonous Amazonian and Andean Populations","volume":"80","author":"Sandoval","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx267","article-title":"The Paleo-Indian entry into South America according to mitogenomes","volume":"35","author":"Brandini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12081273","article-title":"Uniparental lineages from the oldest indigenous population of ecuador: The tsachilas","volume":"12","author":"Di Corcia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genes. (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigss.2019.10.081","article-title":"An approach to maternal ancestry in a sample of Ecuadorian \u201cmestizo\u201d population by sequencing the control region of mtDNA","volume":"7","author":"Burgos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. Suppl. Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigss.2015.09.155","article-title":"PhyloTree Build 17: Growing the human mitochondrial DNA tree","volume":"5","author":"van Oven","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. Suppl. Ser."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043486","article-title":"An Alternative Model for the Early Peopling of Southern South America Revealed by Analyses of Three Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups","volume":"7","author":"de Saint Pierre","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS. ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21629","article-title":"A melting pot of multicontinental mtDNA lineages in admixed Venezuelans","volume":"147","author":"G\u00f3mez-Carballa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib18","article-title":"Mitochondrial Genomes and Founder Effects within the Americas","author":"Tito","year":"2012","journal-title":"GenBank"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058980","article-title":"The Genetic Legacy of the Pre-Colonial Period in Contemporary Bolivians","volume":"8","author":"Taboada-Echalar","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2014.03.022","article-title":"mtDNA mutations in human aging and longevity: Controversies and new perspectives opened by high-throughput technologies","volume":"56","author":"Sevini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1501385","article-title":"Ancient mitochondrial DNA provides high-resolution time scale of the peopling of the Americas","volume":"2","author":"Llamas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17728-w","article-title":"Enclaves of genetic diversity resisted Inca impacts on population history","volume":"7","author":"Barbieri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23345","article-title":"High-resolution mitochondrial DNA analysis sheds light on human diversity, cultural interactions, and population mobility in Northwestern Amazonia","volume":"165","author":"Arias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2019.102143","article-title":"Resolving mitochondrial haplogroups B2 and B4 with next-generation mitogenome sequencing to distinguish Native American from Asian haplotypes","volume":"43","author":"Wood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2019.07.004","article-title":"Full mtDNA genome sequencing of Brazilian admixed populations: A forensic-focused evaluation of a MPS application as an alternative to Sanger sequencing methods","volume":"42","author":"Avila","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2021.102650","article-title":"Haplotype distribution in a forensic full mtDNA genome database of admixed Southern Brazilians and its association with self-declared ancestry and pigmentation traits","volume":"57","author":"Avila","year":"2022","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2018.12.007","article-title":"The maternal inheritance of Alto Paran\u00e1 revealed by full mitogenome sequences","volume":"39","author":"Sim\u00e3o","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-08241-6","article-title":"Human population history on the North Coast of Peru from Y chromosomes and mitogenomes","volume":"15","author":"Huber","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib29","unstructured":"The 1000 Genomes Project Consortium, A global reference for human genetic variation 526 Nature2015, 687410.1038\/nature15393."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/13779","article-title":"Reanalysis and revision of the Cambridge reference sequence for human mitochondrial DNA - Nature Genetics","volume":"23","author":"Andrews","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbs017","article-title":"Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV): high-performance genomics data visualization and exploration","volume":"14","author":"Thorvaldsdottir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brief. Bioinform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5747","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115747","article-title":"Fine-Tuning Phylogenetic Alignment and Haplogrouping of mtDNA Sequences","volume":"22","author":"D\u00fcr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2010.02847.x","article-title":"Arlequin suite ver 3.5: A new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows","volume":"10","author":"Excoffier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2014.07.010","article-title":"DNA Commission of the International Society for Forensic Genetics: Revised and extended guidelines for mitochondrial DNA typing","volume":"13","author":"Parson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib35","article-title":"mitoLEAF: mitochondrial DNA Lineage, Evolution, Annotation Framework","volume":"7","author":"Huber","year":"2025","journal-title":"NAR Genom. Bioinform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12040599","article-title":"Human mitochondrial control region and mtgenome: design and forensic validation of ngs multiplexes, sequencing and analytical software","volume":"12","author":"Holt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genes. (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017063","article-title":"The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil is More Uniform Than Expected","volume":"6","author":"Pena","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddab105","article-title":"Ancient and modern mitogenomes from Central Argentina: new insights into population continuity, temporal depth and migration in South America","volume":"30","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.70219","article-title":"Brief Communication: Mitochondrial DNA B2b15 Lineages Among Extant South Americans","volume":"189","author":"Orellana-Soto","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am. J. Biol. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigss.2022.10.033","article-title":"The paternal heritage of self-declared Ecuadorian indigenous people","volume":"8","author":"Nguidi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. Suppl. Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2020.102427","article-title":"A Y-chromosomal survey of Ecuador\u2019s multi-ethnic population reveals new insights into the tri-partite population structure and supports an early Holocene age of the rare Native American founder lineage C3-MPB373","volume":"51","author":"Villaescusa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."}],"container-title":["Forensic Science International: Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1872497326001651?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1872497326001651?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T15:38:50Z","timestamp":1788190730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1872497326001651"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S1872497326001651"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584","relation":{},"ISSN":["1872-4973"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1872-4973","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Mitochondrial DNA diversity in Ecuadorian populations: Recurrence of variant 16136 within haplogroup B2","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Forensic Science International: Genetics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsigen.2026.103584","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103584"}}