{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:55:35Z","timestamp":1790664935998,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,19]],"date-time":"2026-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/T02027X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T02027X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Forensic Science International: Synergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T18:59:41Z","timestamp":1786474781000},"page":"100718","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Comparative perspectives on wrongful convictions: Insights for innocence research and reforms in the USA, England and Wales, and the Netherlands"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7990-7016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael P.","family":"Toglia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca K.","family":"Helm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garrett L.","family":"Berman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelley L.","family":"Thibodeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annelies","family":"Vredeveldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Schell-Leugers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib1","series-title":"Wrongful convictions around the world: Causes, consequences, and reform","author":"Zalman","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1037\/law0000468","article-title":"Are they synonyms? A review of the use of the terms innocence, miscarriages of justice, wrongful conviction, and exoneration","volume":"32","author":"Henry","year":"2026","journal-title":"Psychol. Publ. Pol. Law"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib4","first-page":"165","article-title":"Psychological consequences of wrongful conviction and imprisonment","volume":"460","author":"Grounds","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. J. Criminol. Crim. Justice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/lcrp.12247","article-title":"The post office scandal in the United Kingdom: mental health and social experiences of wrongly convicted and wrongly accused individuals","volume":"29","author":"Growns","year":"2024","journal-title":"Leg. Criminol. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1037\/law0000358","article-title":"The exoneree health and life experiences (ExHaLE) study: trauma exposure and mental health among wrongly convicted individuals","volume":"28","author":"Kukucka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Publ. Pol. Law"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib7","series-title":"Understanding the Impacts of the Postoffice Scandal","author":"Day","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib8","first-page":"46","article-title":"Convicted by memory, exonerated by science","volume":"34","author":"Toglia","year":"2021","journal-title":"APS Observer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib9","series-title":"Convicting the Innocent: Sixty -five Actual Errors of Criminal Justice. New York: Garden City","author":"Borchard","year":"1932"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib10","series-title":"Wrongful Imprisonment: Mistaken Convictions and their Consequences","author":"Brandon","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2307\/1228828","article-title":"Miscarriages of justice in potentially capital cases","author":"Bedau","year":"1987","journal-title":"Stanf. Law Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib12","series-title":"Not Guilty","author":"Frank","year":"1957"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01044385","article-title":"Convicted but innocent","volume":"12","author":"Rattner","year":"1988","journal-title":"Law Hum. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib14","first-page":"351","article-title":"The anatomy of \u201cfactual error\u201d miscarriages of justice in England and Wales: a fifty year review","volume":"3","author":"Helm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crim. Law Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib15","first-page":"7230","volume":"111","author":"Gross","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib16","first-page":"1","author":"Walsh","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib18","series-title":"Dataset of Wrongful Conviction Cases in South Africa","author":"Espag","year":"2025"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib19","first-page":"345","article-title":"Wrongful convictions in Asian countries: A systematic literature review","volume":"48","author":"Le","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Comp. Appl. Crim. Justice"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.29173\/wclawr79","article-title":"Wrongful conviction in England and Wales: an assessment of successful appeals and key contributors","volume":"3","author":"Helm","year":"2022","journal-title":"The wrongful conviction law review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib21","series-title":"Wrongfully Convicted: Guilty Pleas, Imagined Crimes, and what Canada must Do to Safeguard Justice","author":"Roach","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib22","article-title":"European exonerations: factors and frequencies of wrongful convictions in Europe","author":"Schneider","year":"2026","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int.: Synergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib23","series-title":"Wrongfully Convicted: Guilty Pleas, Imagined Crimes, and what Canada must Do to Safeguard Justice","author":"Roach","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib24","series-title":"The US Criminal Justice System: a Reference Handbook","author":"Koon-Magnin","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib25","unstructured":"Williams v. Florida (1970)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib26","unstructured":"Ramos v. Louisiana (2020)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib27","first-page":"150","article-title":"Does Voir Dire Serve as a Powerful Disinfectant or Pollutant? A Look at the Disparate Approaches to Jury Selection in the United States and Canada","volume":"141","author":"Comiskey","year":"1999","journal-title":"LAW & CONTEMP. PROBS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib28","series-title":"Federal Rules of Evidence","year":"2025"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1080\/1068316X.2018.1457672","article-title":"Limitations on the ability to negotiate justice: attorney perspectives on guilt, innocence, and legal advice in the current plea system","volume":"24","author":"Helm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Crime Law"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib30","unstructured":"Hunter v United States 2026."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib31","first-page":"591","article-title":"Innocence protection in the appellate process","volume":"93","author":"Findley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Marquette Law Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib32","series-title":"Convicting the Innocent","author":"Garrett","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib33","series-title":"Criminal Justice: an Introduction","author":"Joyce","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib34","series-title":"Juries, Lay Judges, and Mixed Courts: a Global Perspective","first-page":"131","article-title":"\u201c\u2026 and my right\u201d - the Magistrates' courts in England and Wales","author":"Machura","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib35","series-title":"How Juries Work: and How they could Work Better","author":"Helm","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib36","series-title":"The Law of Evidence","author":"Dennis","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/jols.12169","article-title":"Constrained waiver of trial rights? Incentives to plead guilty and the right to a fair trial","volume":"46","author":"Helm","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Law Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib38","unstructured":"Law Commission, UK (2025)."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2230.2007.00662.x","article-title":"Identifying miscarriages of justice: why innocence in the UK is not the answer","volume":"70","author":"Quirk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mod. Law Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib40","series-title":"EWCA Crim 108","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8971.11.1.42","article-title":"Expert bias and partisanship: a comparison between Australia and the Netherlands","volume":"11","author":"Malsch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol. Publ. Pol. Law"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib42","series-title":"The Dutch Criminal Justice System: Organization and Operation","author":"Tak","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib43","series-title":"(Red.), Adversarial Versus Inquisitorial Justice: Psychological Perspectives on Criminal Justice Systems","first-page":"2","article-title":"Adversarial or inquisitorial: comparing systems","author":"Van Koppen","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib44","series-title":"Exonerations in the United States 1989 Through 2012","author":"Gross","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611422918","article-title":"Confessions that corrupt: evidence from the DNA exoneration case files","volume":"23","author":"Kassin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1628\/jite-2023-0005","article-title":"Racial disparities in criminal sentencing vary considerably across federal judges","volume":"179","author":"Goldrosen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Inst. Theor. Econ. JITE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib47","series-title":"One in Five: Racial Disparity in imprisonment\u2014Causes and Remedies","author":"Ghandnoosh","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib48","series-title":"Working Paper 3: The Conduct of Horizon Prosecutions and Appeals","author":"Moorhead","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib49","series-title":"Ethnic group, England and Wales: Census","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib50","article-title":"The lammy review: an independent review into the treatment of, and outcomes for, Black, Asian and minority ethnic individuals in the criminal justice system","author":"Lammy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lammy Review: London"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib51","series-title":"EWCA Crim 954","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib52","series-title":"EWCA Crim 772","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib53","series-title":"EWCA Crim 574","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib55","first-page":"709","article-title":"Remedying wrongful convictions through DNA testing: Expanding post-conviction litigant\u2019s access to DNA database searches to rove innocence","volume":"60","author":"McGlynn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Boston Coll. Law Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib56","first-page":"23","article-title":"Pre- and post- conviction DNA collection laws in the United States: An analysis of proposed model statutes","volume":"1","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Crim. Justice Law Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib57","article-title":"Preserving innocence: Biological evidence preservation and systematic reform","volume":"120","author":"Stephens","year":"2018","journal-title":"W. Va. Law Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib58","author":"Dugan"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib59","series-title":"Methods, Measures, and Theories in Eyewitness Identification Tasks","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib60","volume":"2","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2025.2546919","article-title":"Error rates for high confidence eyewitness identifications","volume":"33","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2025","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/lhb0000359","article-title":"Policy and procedure recommendations for the collection and preservation of eyewitness identification evidence","volume":"44","author":"Wells","year":"2020","journal-title":"Law Hum. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025750605807","article-title":"Eyewitness identification procedures: recommendations for lineups and photospreads","volume":"22","author":"Wells","year":"1998","journal-title":"Law Hum. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib64","series-title":"Testimony Evaluation in Criminal Cases Review Commission Casework: Report Prepared for the Criminal Cases Review Commission. Evidence Based Justice Lab","author":"Helm","year":"2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib65","first-page":"1","article-title":"2019 report of the United States court of appeals for the third circuit task force on eyewitness identifications","volume":"92","year":"2019","journal-title":"Temple Law Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib66","series-title":"ARC Centre of Excellence in Policing and Security","article-title":"Using video recorded police interviews to get the full story from complainants in rape trials","author":"Westera","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib67","series-title":"Forensic Science State Commissions and Oversight bodies\u2014A 2022 Update","author":"Ropero-Miller","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib68","unstructured":"House of Lords Science and Technology Committee (2019)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib69","unstructured":"Westminster Commission on Forensic Science (2025)."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scijus.2022.07.010","article-title":"Swapping carrots for sticks: forensic science provider views of the forensic regulator act 2021","volume":"62","author":"Amoako","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Justice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib71","first-page":"221","article-title":"Comparing the use of forensic science evidence in Australia, Switzerland, and the United States: transcending the adversarial-non adversarial dichotomy","volume":"54","author":"Edmond","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jurimetrics: J. Lipid Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib72","author":"Hollway"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib73","series-title":"EWCA Crim 1036","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/00220183251336101","article-title":"The Criminal Cases Review Commission-A quarter of a century on","volume":"89","author":"Fayanju","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Crim. Law"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib75","series-title":"International Developments in Investigative Interviewing","first-page":"66","article-title":"Police interviewing in France, Belgium and the Netherlands: something is moving","author":"Cl\u00e9ment","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib76","series-title":"Tussen Wet En Wetenschap: De Psychologie Van Het Recht","first-page":"679","article-title":"Rechterlijke dwalingen","author":"Van Koppen","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib77","series-title":"De Gescheurde Nagel: Een Alternatieve Verklaring Voor DNA-bewijs","author":"De Boer","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib78","series-title":"Justice for some","author":"Roach","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718_bib79","first-page":"311","article-title":"Closing international law's innocence gap","volume":"95","author":"Garrett","year":"2021","journal-title":"South. Calif. Law Rev."}],"container-title":["Forensic Science International: Synergy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589871X26000616?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589871X26000616?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:58:28Z","timestamp":1790661508000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589871X26000616"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["S2589871X26000616"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-871X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-871X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Comparative perspectives on wrongful convictions: Insights for innocence research and reforms in the USA, England and Wales, and the Netherlands","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Forensic Science International: Synergy","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100718","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100718"}}