{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:55:36Z","timestamp":1790664936106,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Forensic Science International: Synergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T02:37:08Z","timestamp":1788316628000},"page":"100726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Towards an Asian registry of wrongful convictions"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0258-3786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Otgaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yikang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathanael E.J.","family":"Sumampouw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsania","family":"Isa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiyuki","family":"Nishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Ching","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib1","series-title":"The Dark Figure of Wrongful Convictions: How Intake Decisions Impact Exonerations","author":"Weintraub","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib2","article-title":"Are they synonyms? A review of the use of the terms innocence, miscarriages of justice, wrongful conviction, and exoneration","author":"Henry","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychol. Publ. Pol. Law"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib3","first-page":"843","article-title":"An analysis of issues at pre-trial proceedings leading to wrongful convictions in \u201cno crime\u201d cases: there was no crime, but they did the time","volume":"82","author":"Zakirova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Albany Law Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/1043986216673008","article-title":"Taking stock of innocence: movements, mountains, and wrongful convictions","volume":"33","author":"Acker","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Crim. Justice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib5","series-title":"Public Opinion on Compensating Different Types of Wrongful Convictions (Order No. 30422254)","author":"Wu","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib6","first-page":"578","article-title":"\u201cI did it, but \u2026 I didn't\u201d: when rejected affirmative defenses produce wrongful convictions","volume":"98","author":"Acker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nebr. Law Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/10345329.2022.2114870","article-title":"Conceptions and degrees of innocence: the principles, pragmatics, and policies of the innocence movement","volume":"35","author":"Hamer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Crim. Justice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib8","series-title":"Prosecutors' Perceptions of Wrongful Convictions of African American Men (Order No. AAI28320186)","author":"Watson","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib9","first-page":"291","article-title":"The multiple dimensions of tunnel vision in criminal cases","volume":"2006","author":"Findley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Wis. Law Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib10","series-title":"The National Registry of Exonerations","year":"2026"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.29173\/wclawr130","article-title":"Convicting the innocent in Belgium: historical exonerations and their contemporary relevance","volume":"7","author":"De Beuf","year":"2026","journal-title":"Wrongful Conviction Law Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib12","series-title":"Convicting the Innocent: where Criminal Prosecutions Go Wrong","author":"Garrett","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib13","series-title":"Murder, Wrongful Conviction and the Law","first-page":"53","article-title":"Miscarriages of justice in the Netherlands","author":"Geven","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11417-022-09385-4","article-title":"Introduction: wrongful convictions and exonerations in Asia","volume":"17","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian J.Criminol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib15","first-page":"345","article-title":"Wrongful convictions in Asian countries: a systematic literature review","volume":"48","author":"Le","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Comp. Appl. Crim. Justice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib17","article-title":"Not-guilty verdicts in China: an empirical examination of legal defense and judicial rationales","volume":"74","author":"Liang","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib19","unstructured":"Japan Federation of Bar Associations. (n.d.). Statistics on the transition of criminal cases (Keinen suii). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nichibenren.or.jp\/activity\/criminal\/visualisation\/toukei\/keinensuii.html."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib21","series-title":"The Culture of Capital Punishment in Japan","first-page":"61","article-title":"Wrongful convictions and the culture of denial","author":"Johnson","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib22","series-title":"Database of Criminal Retrial-Acquittals in Taiwan(\u53f0\u7063\u5211\u4e8b\u518d\u5be9\u7121\u7f6a\u8cc7\u6599\u5eab), 1991-2026","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib23","series-title":"Pelanggaran Hak Tersangka 2013 [Violations of Suspects' Rights]","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib24","first-page":"98","article-title":"Wrongful convictions in Singapore: a general survey of risk factors","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Singapore Law Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib25","first-page":"67","article-title":"Criminal justice for all? Wrongful convictions and poverty in Singapore","volume":"28","author":"Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Singapore Law Rev."},{"issue":"85","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib26","first-page":"681","article-title":"High conviction rates and the question of due process in China","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Contemp. China"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib27","series-title":"Chinese Courts Convict More than 99.9 per Cent of Defendants","author":"McCoy","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib28","first-page":"7","article-title":"Studying wrongful convictions: learning from social science","volume":"7","author":"Leo","year":"2009"},{"issue":"116","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1080\/10670564.2018.1511396","article-title":"The politics of wrongful convictions in China","volume":"28","author":"Zhong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Contemp. China"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1525\/nclr.2021.24.1.3","article-title":"Indonesia's criminal justice system on trial: the Jessica Wongso case","volume":"24","author":"Butt","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Criminal Law Revi."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib31","first-page":"11","article-title":"The role of forensic science in overturning wrongful convictions in Taiwan","volume":"36","author":"Ko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib32","first-page":"755","article-title":"Citizen participation: appraising the Saiban'in system","volume":"22","author":"Foote","year":"2014","journal-title":"Michigan State International Law Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib33","series-title":"Predicting Erroneous Convictions: a Social Science Approach to Miscarriages of Justice (Final Report to the National Institute of Justice)","author":"Gould","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1037\/lhb0000593","article-title":"Police-induced confessions, 2.0: risk factors and recommendations","volume":"49","author":"Kassin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Law Hum. Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/lhb0000359","article-title":"Policy and procedure recommendations for the collection and preservation of eyewitness identification evidence","volume":"44","author":"Wells","year":"2020","journal-title":"Law Hum. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib36","series-title":"The Psychology of Interrogations and Confessions: a Handbook","author":"Gudjonsson","year":"2003"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10979-009-9188-6","article-title":"Police-induced confessions: risk factors and recommendations","volume":"34","author":"Kassin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Law Hum. Behav."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020278620751","article-title":"\"He's guilty!\": Iivestigator bias in judgments of truth and deception","volume":"26","author":"Meissner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Law Hum. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib39","first-page":"65","article-title":"Miscarriage of justice and malpractice in criminal investigations in China","volume":"16","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"China Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1177\/1461355720947548","article-title":"Police interview of suspects in China: developments and analyses","volume":"23","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Police Sci. Manag."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/14672715.2024.2424817","article-title":"The production of \u201cindisputable\u201d confession evidence in China","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit. Asian Stud."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.29173\/wclawr129","article-title":"Wrongful convictions in Japan: causes, challenges, and preventive measures","volume":"6","author":"Nishi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Wrongful Conviction Law Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib43","first-page":"1245","article-title":"Wrongful convictions and recent criminal justice reform in Japan","volume":"80","author":"Ito","year":"2013","journal-title":"Univ. Cincinnati Law Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib44","series-title":"Working with the Taiwan Association of Innocence\u2013False Confessions in Capital Cases [Keynote talk]. Annual Meeting of the East Asian Association of Psychology and Law","author":"Teoh","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib45","series-title":"Murder, Wrongful Conviction and the Law","first-page":"1","article-title":"Miscarriages of justice in Taiwan","author":"Chin","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib46","series-title":"Death Penalty Project","first-page":"1","article-title":"Unsafe convictions in capital cases in Taiwan","author":"Hoyle","year":"2019"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1237","article-title":"Memory distortion in eyewitnesses: a meta\u2010analysis of the post\u2010identification feedback effect","volume":"20","author":"Douglass","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Cogn. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/23311908.2019.1632047","article-title":"A stab in the dark: the distance threshold of target identification in low light","volume":"6","author":"Nyman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cogent Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib49","first-page":"1277","article-title":"Empirical studies of wrongful convictions in mainland China","volume":"80","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"Univ. Cincinnati Law Rev."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1068316X.2021.1962868","article-title":"Knowledge about eyewitness testimony: a survey of Indonesian police officers and psychologists psychology","volume":"28","author":"Sumampouw","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Crime Law"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11050634","article-title":"The chain of custody in the era of modern forensics: from the classic procedures for gathering evidence to the new challenges related to digital data","volume":"11","author":"D'Anna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib52","series-title":"Forensic Science in Criminal Courts: Ensuring Scientific Validity of feature-comparison Methods (Report to the President). Executive Office of the President","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib53","first-page":"1","article-title":"Invalid forensic science testimony and wrongful convictions","volume":"95","author":"Garrett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Va. Law Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2005.10.017","article-title":"Contextual information renders experts vulnerable to making erroneous identifications","volume":"156","author":"Dror","year":"2006","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib55","series-title":"Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: a Path Forward","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2017.08.004","article-title":"Case report: coincidental inclusion in a 17-locus Y-STR mixture, wrongful conviction and exoneration","volume":"31","author":"Hampikian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s11417-022-09390-7","article-title":"Understanding causes for wrongful convictions in Vietnam: a view from the top and the bottom of the iceberg","volume":"17","author":"Le","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian J.Criminol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.11594\/ijssr.04.02.10","article-title":"Vacuum effect of wrongful criminal justice process: the case of Indonesia","volume":"4","author":"Rahmawati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indonesian J.Social Sci.Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib59","series-title":"Court Findings of Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Claims in Post-conviction Appeals Among the First 255 DNA Exoneration Cases","author":"West","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib60","first-page":"737","article-title":"Informant witnesses and the risk of wrongful convictions","volume":"53","author":"Roth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. Crim. Law Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib61","first-page":"1195","article-title":"Chinese wrongful convictions: discovery and rectification","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"80 U. Cin. L. Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib62","series-title":"European Registry of Exonerations","year":"2026"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1177\/0025802420949069","article-title":"Psychological impact of being wrongfully accused of criminal offences: a systematic literature review","volume":"61","author":"Brooks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Law"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726_bib65","series-title":"The Politics of Innocence: How Wrongful Convictions Shape Public Opinion","author":"Norris","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["Forensic Science International: Synergy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589871X26000690?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589871X26000690?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:58:41Z","timestamp":1790661521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589871X26000690"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["S2589871X26000690"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-871X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-871X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Towards an Asian registry of wrongful convictions","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Forensic Science International: Synergy","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2026.100726","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100726"}}