{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T09:21:48Z","timestamp":1782379308824,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]],"date-time":"2018-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522540800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]],"date-time":"2018-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522540800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004346","name":"Alcoa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004346","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Fuel"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]],"date-time":"2018-01-02T18:16:50Z","timestamp":1514917010000},"page":"240-261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1397,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Properties of biochar"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"217","author":[{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Weber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Quicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0005","unstructured":"UC David Biochar Database n.d. http:\/\/biochar.ucdavid.edu (accessed September 30, 2015)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0010","series-title":"Herstellung, Eigenschaften und Verwendung von Biomassekarbonisaten","author":"Quicker","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2006.12.013","article-title":"Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis","volume":"86","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0082-0784(77)80341-X","article-title":"Coal devolatilization at high temperatures","volume":"16","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1977","journal-title":"Symp Combust"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2005.04.012","article-title":"A new method for determining the conversion of low-ash coals using synthetic ash as a tracer","volume":"84","author":"Ballantyne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2016.04.034","article-title":"Effects of oxy-fuel conditions on the products of pyrolysis in a drop tube reactor","volume":"150","author":"Heuer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fuel Process Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4574","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.8.3.4574-4592","article-title":"Influence of chemical composition of eucalyptus wood on gravimetric yield and charcoal properties","volume":"8","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2370(91)80001-O","article-title":"Thermogravimetric kinetic study of the pyrolysis of almond shells and almond shells impregnated with CoCl2","volume":"21","author":"Font","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Anal Appl Pyrolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-2361(87)90360-7","article-title":"Production of fuel gas and char from wood, lignin and holocellulose by carbonization","volume":"66","author":"Sadakata","year":"1987","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4174","DOI":"10.1021\/ef900494t","article-title":"Biochar as a Fuel: 1. Properties and grindability of biochars produced from the pyrolysis of mallee wood under slow-heating conditions","volume":"23","author":"Abdullah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1021\/ef901435f","article-title":"Biochar as a Fuel: 2. Significant differences in fuel quality and ash properties of biochars from various biomass components of mallee trees","volume":"24","author":"Abdullah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00355850","article-title":"Characterization and analysis of torrefied wood","volume":"22","author":"Bourgois","year":"1988","journal-title":"Wood Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2010.06.043","article-title":"An investigation of the grindability of two torrefied energy crops","volume":"89","author":"Bridgeman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2012.04.101","article-title":"Hydrothermal carbonization of sugarcane bagasse via wet torrefaction in association with microwave heating","volume":"118","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0075","article-title":"Torrefied and hydrothermal carbonised Biomass Products: Co-milling","volume":"2","author":"Scheffknecht","year":"2012","journal-title":"Combust Emission Prop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2012.05.109","article-title":"Combustion and gasification characteristics of chars from raw and torrefied biomass","volume":"119","author":"Fisher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0085","unstructured":"Gerdes C. Pyrolyse von Abfall-Biomass: Thermochemische Konversion mit dem Hamburger-Wirbelschichtverfahren 2001."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1021\/es9031419","article-title":"Dynamic molecular structure of plant biomass-derived black carbon (Biochar)","volume":"44","author":"Keiluweit","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0095","unstructured":"Pach M, Zanzi R, Bj\u00f6rnbom E. Torrefied biomass a substitue for wood and charcoal. 6th Asia-Pacific Internatioonal Symp Combust Energy Util 2002."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2012.07.024","article-title":"Torrefaction and low-temperature carbonization of woody biomass: evaluation of fuel characteristics of the products","volume":"45","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4638","DOI":"10.1021\/ef901168f","article-title":"Torrefaction of agriculture residue to enhance combustible properties \u2020","volume":"24","author":"Pimchuai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0110","first-page":"2","article-title":"Biokohle: Erzeugung und technische Einsatzm\u00f6glichkeiten","volume":"9","author":"Quicker","year":"2012","journal-title":"M\u00fcll Und Abfall"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4024","DOI":"10.1021\/ie000511u","article-title":"Attainment of the theoretical yield of carbon from biomass","volume":"39","author":"Antal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ind Eng Chem Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2007.05.041","article-title":"Torrefaction of reed canary grass, wheat straw and willow to enhance solid fuel qualities and combustion properties","volume":"87","author":"Bridgeman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0125","unstructured":"Ramke H, Bl\u00f6hse D, Lehmann H, Fettig J. Hydrothermal Carbonization of Organic Waste. Twelfth Int Waste Manag Landfill Symp 2009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2011.04.032","article-title":"Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass as a route for the sequestration of CO2: Chemical and structural properties of the carbonized products","volume":"35","author":"Sevilla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0135","article-title":"Biomass Gasification, Pyrolysis and Torrefaction","author":"Basu","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2012.10.150","article-title":"Effect of pyrolysis temperature and heating rate on biochar obtained from pyrolysis of safflower seed press cake","volume":"128","author":"Angin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6223(98)00161-4","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of chars from oil palm waste","volume":"36","author":"Lua","year":"1998","journal-title":"Carbon NY"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5890","DOI":"10.1021\/ef400972z","article-title":"Comparisons of biochar properties from wood material and crop residues at different temperatures and residence times","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1021\/jf3049142","article-title":"Use of chemical and physical characteristics to investigate trends in biochar feedstocks","volume":"61","author":"Mukome","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0160","article-title":"Biokoks als Energietr\u00e4ger in metallurgischen Prozessen","volume":"83","author":"Quicker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chemie Ing Tech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1021\/ef00021a001","article-title":"Review of methods for improving the yield of charcoal from biomass","volume":"4","author":"Antal","year":"1990","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0170","unstructured":"Bergman PC a, Boersma a R, Zwart RWR, Kiel JH a. Torrefaction for biomass co-firing in existing coal-fired power stations. Energy Res Cent Netherlands ECN ECNC05013 2005:71."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.08.028","article-title":"Impact of torrefaction on the grindability and fuel characteristics of forest biomass","volume":"102","author":"Phanphanich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0180","first-page":"269","article-title":"Graphical-statistical method for the study of structure and reaction processes of coal","volume":"29","author":"van Krevelen","year":"1950","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4174","DOI":"10.1021\/ef900494t","article-title":"Biochar as a fuel: 1. Properties and grindability of biochars produced from the pyrolysis of mallee wood under slow-heating conditions","volume":"23","author":"Abdullah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-010-4292-z","article-title":"Influence of torrefaction pretreatment on biomass gasification technology","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin Sci Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2006.03.008","article-title":"More efficient biomass gasification via torrefaction","volume":"31","author":"Prins","year":"2006","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.01.034","article-title":"A comparison of gasification phenomena among raw biomass, torrefied biomass and coal in an entrained-flow reactor","volume":"112","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0205","unstructured":"The production of carbon materials by hydrothermal carbonization of cellulose.pdf n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2013.08.026","article-title":"Chemical evaluation of chars produced by thermochemical conversion (gasification, pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization) of agro-industrial biomass on a commercial scale","volume":"59","author":"Wiedner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2009.05.003","article-title":"Impact of torrefaction on syngas production from wood","volume":"88","author":"Couhert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2009.10.022","article-title":"An overview of the chemical composition of biomass","volume":"89","author":"Vassilev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2013.02.010","article-title":"Biochar production by sewage sludge pyrolysis","volume":"101","author":"Agrafioti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Anal Appl Pyrolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.01.021","article-title":"Proximate analysis, backwards stepwise regression between gross calorific value, ultimate and chemical analysis of wood","volume":"101","author":"Telmo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0235","unstructured":"RAG Ibbenb\u00fcren. Produkt- und Preisinformationen f\u00fcr den Gartenbau 2008."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2012.01.163","article-title":"Torrefied biomasses in a drop tube furnace to evaluate their utility in blast furnaces","volume":"111","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0245","first-page":"408","article-title":"Enhanced wood fuels via torrefaction","volume":"47","author":"Lipinsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"ACS Div Fuel Chem Prepr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2014.09.010","article-title":"Evaluation of the thermal and environmental stability of switchgrass biochars by Py\u2013GC\u2013MS","volume":"110","author":"Conti","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anal Appl Pyrolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0255","article-title":"Changes in Composition and Porosity Occurring During the Thermal Degradation of Wood and Wood Components","volume":"88","author":"Rutherford","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sci Investig Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2011.08.008","article-title":"Determination of the aromaticity and the degree of aromatic condensation of a thermosequence of wood charcoal using NMR","volume":"42","author":"McBeath","year":"2011","journal-title":"Org Geochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2014.10.002","article-title":"Aromaticity and degree of aromatic condensation of char","volume":"78","author":"Wiedemeier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Org Geochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.09.151","article-title":"Characterization and quantification of biochar alkalinity","volume":"167","author":"Fidel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.11.018","article-title":"The forms of alkalis in the biochar produced from crop residues at different temperatures","volume":"102","author":"Yuan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2012.05.042","article-title":"Effects of pyrolysis temperature on soybean stover- and peanut shell-derived biochar properties and TCE adsorption in water","volume":"118","author":"Ahmad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0285","series-title":"Biochar Environ Manage","article-title":"Biochar elemental composition and factors influencing nutrient retention","author":"Ippolito","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leeq JW, Kidder M, Evans BR. Characterization of Biochars Produced from Cornstovers for Soil Amendment 2010.","DOI":"10.1021\/es101337x"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robertson G, Sollins P, Ellis B, Lajtha K. Exchangeable Ions, pH, and Cation Exchange Capacity. In: Robertson G, editor. Stand. Soil Methods Long-term Ecol. Reserach, Oxford University Press; 1999.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195120837.003.0006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2005.0383","article-title":"Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils","volume":"70","author":"Liang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soil Sci Soc Am J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1964.03615995002800040020x","article-title":"Contribution of organic matter and clay to soil cation-exchange capacity as affected by the pH of the saturating solution","volume":"28","author":"Helling","year":"1964","journal-title":"Soil Sci Soc Am Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2011.04.021","article-title":"Surface chemistry variations among a series of laboratory-produced biochars","volume":"163","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2012.03.051","article-title":"Release characteristics of alkali and alkaline earth metallic species during biomass pyrolysis and steam gasification process","volume":"116","author":"Long","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2012.09.041","article-title":"An overview of the composition and application of biomass ash. Part 1. Phase-mineral and chemical composition and classification","volume":"105","author":"Vassilev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2004.12.014","article-title":"Volatilisation of alkali and alkaline earth metallic species during the pyrolysis of biomass: Differences between sugar cane bagasse and cane trash","volume":"96","author":"Keown","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1021\/ef960096b","article-title":"Alkali metal emission during pyrolysis of biomass","volume":"11","author":"Olsson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.04.050","article-title":"Trace metal release during wood pyrolysis","volume":"203","author":"Thy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-2361(01)00132-6","article-title":"The effects of fuel washing techniques on alkali release from biomass","volume":"81","author":"Davidsson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1021\/ef050002a","article-title":"Primary release of alkali and alkaline earth metallic species during the pyrolysis of pulverized biomass","volume":"19","author":"Okuno","year":"2005","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4961","DOI":"10.1021\/ef201098n","article-title":"Release of K, Cl, and S during pyrolysis and combustion of high-chlorine biomass","volume":"25","author":"Johansen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0355","unstructured":"Bergman P, Boersma A, Kiel J, Prins MJ, Ptasinski K, Janssen FJ. Torrefaction for entrained-flow gasification of biomass. 2nd World Conf Technol Exhib Biomass Energy, Ind Clim Prot 2005:78\u201382."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spokas K, Novak J, Masiello C, Johnson M, Colosky E, Ippolito J, et al. Physical Disintegration of Biochar\u202f: An Overlooked Process 2014. doi:10.1021\/ez500199t.","DOI":"10.1021\/ez500199t"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1080\/15567036.2010.542438","article-title":"Gasification of wood char in single and mixed atmospheres of H2O and CO2","volume":"35","author":"Tagutchou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Sour Part A-Recov Util Environ Eff"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.2355\/isijinternational.46.503","article-title":"Influence of mineral matter on coke reactivity with carbon dioxide","volume":"46","author":"Grigore","year":"2006","journal-title":"ISIJ Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2013.08.006","article-title":"The effect of char properties on gasification reactivity","volume":"118","author":"Duman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fuel Process Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2509(02)00189-6","article-title":"On the validity of thermogravimetric determination of carbon gasification kinetics","volume":"57","author":"Feng","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem Eng Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2013.02.027","article-title":"The gasification reactivity of high-heating-rate chars in single and mixed atmospheres of H2O and CO2","volume":"108","author":"Guizani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tangstad M. Ferrosilicon and Silicon Technology. (12th ed.) Elsevier; 2013. doi:10.1016\/B978-0-08-097753-9.00006-X.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-097753-9.00006-X"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2008.08.001","article-title":"Combustion and gasification rates of lignocellulosic chars","volume":"35","author":"Di Blasi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog Energy Combust Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2013.05.056","article-title":"Evaluation of CO2-reactivity patterns in cokes from coal and woody biomass blends","volume":"113","author":"Diez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2014.02.117","article-title":"Study on CO2 gasification reactivity and physical characteristics of biomass, petroleum coke and coal chars","volume":"159","author":"Huo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2011.06.005","article-title":"An experimental investigation into the gasification reactivity and structure of agricultural waste chars","volume":"92","author":"Min","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Anal Appl Pyrolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2006.12.001","article-title":"Modeling chemical and physical processes of wood and biomass pyrolysis","volume":"34","author":"DiBlasi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog Energy Combust Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2004.07.016","article-title":"Effect of pyrolysis pressure and heating rate on radiata pine char structure and apparent gasification reactivity","volume":"84","author":"Cetin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2370(97)00014-4","article-title":"Reactivity of char from pyrolysis of birch wood","volume":"40\u201341","author":"Chen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Anal Appl Pyrolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2005.12.004","article-title":"Influence of the pyrolysis heating rate on the steam gasification rate of large wood char particles","volume":"85","author":"Mermoud","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2010.08.015","article-title":"Gasification of woody biomass char with CO2: the catalytic effects of K and Ca species on char gasification reactivity","volume":"92","author":"Mitsuoka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fuel Process Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-2361(90)90041-N","article-title":"Gasification of biomass chars in carbon dioxide: dependence of gasification rate on the indigenous metal content","volume":"69","author":"Kannan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0445","first-page":"55","article-title":"CO2 reactivity assessment of woody biomass biocarbons for metallurgical purposes","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem Eng Trans"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-2361(88)90296-7","article-title":"Gasification of single wood charcoal particles in CO2","volume":"67","author":"Standish","year":"1988","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jalkanen H, Gasik M. Theory of Ferroalloys Processing. (12th ed.) Elsevier; 2013. doi:10.1016\/B978-0-08-097753-9.00003-4.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-097753-9.00003-4"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0460","unstructured":"Koppejan J, L\u00f6nnermark A, Persson H, Larsson I, Blomqvist P, Arshadi M, et al. Health and Safety Aspects of Solid Biomass Storage 2013."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0465","first-page":"640","volume":"15","author":"Spontaneous combustion of finely divided charcoal","year":"1831","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-0032(34)90862-0","article-title":"Attempt to assign the cause of the Spontaneous Combustion of Charcoal","volume":"15","author":"Davies","year":"1832","journal-title":"J Franklin Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-0032(34)91181-9","article-title":"Observations as to the cause of Spontaneous Combustion of Charcoal, in reference to Colonel Aubert\u2019s and Mr Hadfield\u2019s experiments","volume":"17","author":"Coxworthy","year":"1834","journal-title":"J Franklin Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.3801\/IAFSS.FSS.7-593","article-title":"Size constraints on self ignition of charcoal briquets","author":"Wolters","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fire Saf Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0485","first-page":"656","article-title":"Determination of spontaneous ignition behaviour of biochar accumulations","volume":"3","author":"Dzonzi-undi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Sci Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0490","first-page":"1295","article-title":"Abiotic and microbial oxidation of laboratory- produced black carbon (Biochar)","volume":"44","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Environ Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2015.07.097","article-title":"Effect of production conditions on self-heating propensity of torrefied sawmill residues","volume":"160","author":"Cruz Ceballos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0500","series-title":"Energie aus Biomasse","author":"Kaltschmitt","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2013.01.040","article-title":"Modelling spontaneous ignition of wood, char and RDF in a lab-scale packed bed","volume":"108","author":"Van Blijderveen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.5020220908","article-title":"The self heating of commercial powdered activated carbons","author":"Cameron","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Appl Chem Ellipsis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2014.07.017","article-title":"Short- and long-term flammability of biochars","volume":"69","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0520","unstructured":"United Nations. Classification procedures, test methods and criteria relating to class 4. In: Recommendations on the transportation of dangerous goods manual of tests and criteria 2011."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0525","first-page":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomass charcoal properties changes during storage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1089\/ind.2012.0004","article-title":"Formulation, pretreatment, and densification options to improve biomass specifications for co-firing high percentages with coal","volume":"8","author":"Tumuluru","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ind Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-010-0504-0","article-title":"Porosity and pore size distribution of different wood types as determined by mercury intrusion porosimetry","volume":"69","author":"Pl\u00f6tze","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Wood Wood Prod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2015.02.013","article-title":"The effect of temperature and compression during pyrolysis on the density of charcoal made from Australian eucalypt wood","volume":"80","author":"Somerville","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2014.03.059","article-title":"New approaches to measuring biochar density and porosity","volume":"66","author":"Brewer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00776645","article-title":"Absorption capacities and related characteristics of wood charcoal carbonized using a one-step or two-step process","volume":"47","author":"Pulido-Novicio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Japan Wood Res Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0555","unstructured":"Assis MR. Mechanical and physical properties of eucalyptus charcoal from pyrolysis under different conditions 2016:153."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6223(96)00136-4","article-title":"Carbonization of wood for advanced materials applications","volume":"35","author":"Byrne","year":"1991","journal-title":"Carbon NY"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2005.10.008","article-title":"Production and characterization of synthetic wood chars for use as surrogates for natural sorbents","volume":"37","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"Org Geochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-2361(95)93465-P","article-title":"Surface area development of sewage sludge during pyrolysis","volume":"74","author":"Lu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2012.08.005","article-title":"Evaluation of the porous structure development of chars from pyrolysis of rice straw: effects of pyrolysis temperature and heating rate","volume":"98","author":"Fu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Anal Appl Pyrolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2012.11.017","article-title":"Physico-chemical and functional characteristics of soil charcoal produced at five different temperatures","volume":"58","author":"Bergeron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soil Biol Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3587","DOI":"10.1021\/ie201309r","article-title":"Multiple controls on the chemical and physical structure of biochars","volume":"51","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ind Eng Chem Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.1021\/ef4000769","article-title":"Water holding capacity and absorption properties of wood chars","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaynes WF. Hydrophilicity, Hydrophobicity. Encycl. Soil Sci., Dordrecht: Springer, Netherlands; 2005, pp. 329\u201330. doi:10.1007\/978-1-4020-3995-9_279.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-3995-9_279"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2011.11.084","article-title":"Impact of pyrolysis temperature and manure source on physicochemical characteristics of biochar","volume":"107","author":"Cantrell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4649","DOI":"10.1021\/es035034w","article-title":"Compositions and sorptive properties of crop residue-derived chars","volume":"38","author":"Chun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1021\/es403711y","article-title":"Aromatic and hydrophobic surfaces of wood-derived biochar enhance perchlorate adsorption via hydrogen bonding to oxygen-containing organic groups","volume":"48","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2012.12.165","article-title":"Pyrolysis temperature induced changes in characteristics and chemical composition of biochar produced from conocarpus wastes","volume":"131","author":"Al-Wabel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2013.12.010","article-title":"Water uptake in biochars: the roles of porosity and hydrophobicity","volume":"61","author":"Gray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.08.046","article-title":"Stability, nutrient availability and hydrophobicity of biochars derived from manure, crop residues, and municipal solid waste for their use as soil amendments","volume":"144","author":"Zornoza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2012.01.033","article-title":"Hydrologic properties of biochars produced at different temperatures","volume":"41","author":"Kinney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.01.061","article-title":"The love-hate relationship of pyrolysis biochar and water: a perspective","volume":"512\u2013513","author":"Das","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Water holding capacity. Encycl. Soil Sci., Dordrecht: Springer, Netherlands; 2002, pp. 822\u2013822. doi:10.1007\/978-1-4020-3995-9_627.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-3995-9_627"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0645","first-page":"175","article-title":"Mechanical properties of woodceramics: a porous carbon material","volume":"184","author":"Okabe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ind Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0650","first-page":"675","article-title":"Mechanical properties of acacia and eucalyptus wood chars","volume":"21","author":"Kumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Sources"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0655","article-title":"Some Physical Properties of Birch Carbonized in a Nitrogen Atmosphere","volume":"6","author":"Moore","year":"1974","journal-title":"Wood Fiber"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0660","unstructured":"Vieira RDS. Propriedades mec\u00e2nicas da madeira de clones de Eucalyptus e do Carv\u00e3o produzido entre 350\u00b0C e 900\u00b0C 2009:80."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0665","unstructured":"Noumi ES, Blin J, Rousset P. Optimization of Quality of Charcoal for Steelmaking using Statistical Analysis Approach. 5th Int Conf Eng Waste Biomass Valoris 2014: pp. 1\u201314. doi:10.13140\/2.1.4748.9285."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-2361(94)90266-6","article-title":"Reduction of emissions from blast furnaces by using blends of coke and babassu charcoal","volume":"73","author":"Emmerich","year":"1994","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0961-9534(95)00060-7","article-title":"Babassu charcoal: a sulfurless renewable thermo-reducing feedstock for steelmaking","volume":"10","author":"Emmerich","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2012.01.049","article-title":"Changes of chemical and mechanical behavior of torrefied wheat straw","volume":"40","author":"Shang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2012.06.112","article-title":"Torrefaction of beechwood: a parametric study including heat of reaction and grindability","volume":"104","author":"Ohliger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2009.08.006","article-title":"Pretreatment of agricultural residues for co-gasification via torrefaction","volume":"86","author":"Deng","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Anal Appl Pyrolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2010.01.039","article-title":"Energy requirement for fine grinding of torrefied wood","volume":"34","author":"Repellin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.2355\/isijinternational.52.1489","article-title":"Reducing Net CO2 emissions using charcoal as a blast furnace tuyere injectant","volume":"52","author":"Mathieson","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISIJ Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/srin.200900093","article-title":"Reactivity and conversion behaviour of Brazilian and imported coals, charcoal and blends in view of their injection into blast furnaces","volume":"81","author":"Machado","year":"2010","journal-title":"Steel Res Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2012.10.004","article-title":"Physicochemical characterisation of torrefied biomass","volume":"103","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Anal Appl Pyrolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/en9100794","article-title":"Torrefied biomass pellets \u2013 comparing grindability in different laboratory mills","volume":"9","author":"Khalsa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0720","unstructured":"Preto F. Pyrolysis, Char and Energy. Can Biochar Initiat Inaug Meet 12, 2008, Ste Anne Bellevue 2008: p. 46."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01909636","article-title":"Sintering characteristics of coal ashes by simultaneous dilatometry-electrical conductance measurements","volume":"16","author":"Raask","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Therm Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0730","first-page":"1","article-title":"On thermal properties of a pyrolysing wood particle","author":"Hankalin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Process Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0735","unstructured":"Gr\u00f8nli M. A theoretical and experimental study of the thermal degradation of biomass. Norwegian Universtiy of Science and Technology, 1996."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-2361(02)00398-8","article-title":"Specific heat and thermal conductivity of softwood bark and softwood char particles","volume":"82","author":"Gupta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2509(84)80140-2","article-title":"Heat transfer and kinetics in the low temperature pyrolysis of solids","volume":"39","author":"Pyle","year":"1984","journal-title":"Chem Eng Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2013.07.086","article-title":"Heat capacity measurements of various biomass types and pyrolysis residues","volume":"115","author":"Dupont","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0755","first-page":"34","article-title":"Mechanism and clarification of electrical conduction through wood charcoal","author":"Nishiyama","year":"1995","journal-title":"NII-Electron Libr Serv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1007\/s10086-002-0506-6","article-title":"Electromagnetic shielding efficiency of the electric field of charcoal from six wood species","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Wood Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1361\/105994900770346042","article-title":"Materials for electromagnetic interference shielding","volume":"9","author":"Chung","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Mater Eng Perform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0770","series-title":"Conductive Polymers and Plastics","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.069","article-title":"Improvement in electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of cement composites using carbonaceous nano\/micro inerts","volume":"85","author":"Khushnood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr Build Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pitsch W. Agglomeration Processes. Phenomena, Technologies, Equipment. Weinheim: Wiley-VHC; 2002.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527619801"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thek G, Obernberger I. The Pellet Handbook. The Production and Thermal Utilization of Biomass Pellets. Earthscan; 2012.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781849775328"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0790","unstructured":"Koppejan J, Sokhansanj S, Melin S, Madrali S. Status overview of torrefaction technologies. 2012."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0795","first-page":"481","article-title":"Manufacturing of torrefied pellets without a binder from different raw wood materials in the pilot plant","volume":"62","author":"F\u00f6hr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wood Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0800","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2014.03.057","article-title":"Experimentally determined storage and handling properties of fuel pellets made from torrefied whole-tree pine chips, logging residues and beech stem wood","volume":"129","author":"J\u00e4rvinen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0805","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4451","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.7.3.Stelte","article-title":"Recent developments in biomass pelletization \u2013 a review","volume":"7","author":"Stelte","year":"2012","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054_b0810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2014.07.076","article-title":"Densified biocoal from woodchips: is it better to do torrefaction before or after densification?","volume":"134","author":"Ghiasi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl Energy"}],"container-title":["Fuel"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0016236117316216?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0016236117316216?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T07:50:13Z","timestamp":1762156213000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0016236117316216"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"references-count":162,"alternative-id":["S0016236117316216"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054","relation":{},"ISSN":["0016-2361"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0016-2361","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Properties of biochar","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Fuel","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.12.054","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}