{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T19:03:20Z","timestamp":1792955000234,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,1]],"date-time":"2005-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1107216000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gait & Posture"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,23]],"date-time":"2004-07-23T19:10:35Z","timestamp":1090609835000},"page":"212-225","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":952,"title":["Human movement analysis using stereophotogrammetry"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Alberto","family":"Leardini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Chiari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ugo Della","family":"Croce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurelio","family":"Cappozzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(00)00061-0","article-title":"Studies of human locomotion: past, present and future","volume":"33","author":"Andriacchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cappozzo A, Della Croce U, Leardini A, Chiari L. Human movement analysis using stereophotogrammetry. Part 1. Theoretical background. Gait Posture 2004 [in press].","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(04)00025-6"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiari L, Della Croce U, Leardini A, Cappozzo A. Human movement analysis using stereophotogrammetry. Part 2. Instrumental errors. Gait Posture 2004 [in press].","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.04.004"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(99)00015-7","article-title":"Biomechanics of the knee: methodological considerations in the in vivo kinematic analysis of the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joint","volume":"14","author":"Ramsey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Della Croce U, Leardini A, Chiari L, Cappozzo A. Human movement analysis using stereophotogrammetry. Part 4. Assessment of anatomical landmark mislocation and its effects on joint kinematics. Gait Posture 2004 [in press].","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.003"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(95)00046-1","article-title":"Position and orientation of bones during movement: experimental artefacts","volume":"11","author":"Cappozzo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00432423","article-title":"Mathematical kinematics in engineering of endoprostheses","volume":"103","author":"Hoschek","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-194830040-00006","article-title":"Transverse rotation of the segments of the lower extremity in locomotion","volume":"30A","author":"Levens","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib9","unstructured":"Lafortune MA. The use of intra-cortical pins to measure the motion of the knee joint during walking. Ph.D. Thesis, The Pennsylvania State University, 1984."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib10","series-title":"Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on 3D Analysis of Human Movement","first-page":"55","article-title":"Errors in 3D analysis of human movement","author":"Lafortune","year":"1991"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(92)90254-X","article-title":"Three dimensional kinematics of the human knee during walking","volume":"25","author":"Lafortune","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib12","series-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on 3D Analysis of Human Movement","first-page":"27","article-title":"Accuracy estimation of kinematic data derived from bone anchored external markers","author":"Karlsson","year":"1994"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(97)01110-7","article-title":"Tibiofemoral and tibiocalcaneal motion during walking: external vs. skeletal markers","volume":"6","author":"Reinschmidt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3138397","article-title":"A joint coordinate system for the clinical description of three-dimensional motions: application to the knee","volume":"105","author":"Grood","year":"1983","journal-title":"ASME J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2895496","article-title":"Application of the joint coordinate system to three-dimensional joint attitude and movement representation: a standardisation proposal","volume":"115","author":"Cole","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(97)00001-8","article-title":"Effect of skin movement on the analysis of skeletal knee joint motion during running","volume":"30","author":"Reinschmidt","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9457(96)00053-X","article-title":"A comparison of lower-extremity skeletal kinematics measured using skin- and pin-mounted markers","volume":"16","author":"Fuller","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib18","first-page":"148","article-title":"Measuring 3D knee motion with surface markers, it can be done","volume":"11","author":"Yack","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(03)00033-X","article-title":"Validity and comparisons of tibiofemoral orientations and displacement using a femoral tracking device during early to mid stance of walking","volume":"19","author":"Houck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib20","series-title":"Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on 3D Analysis of Human Movement","first-page":"49","article-title":"Ankle-joint complex motion during stance phase of walking as measured by skin or bone anchored markers","author":"Westblad","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib21","series-title":"Proceedings of the VIII Meeting on European Society of Biomechanics","first-page":"279","article-title":"Quantification of relative displacement between bones and skin and plate-mounted marker","author":"Angeloni","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(96)01088-0","article-title":"Surface movement errors in shank kinematics and knee kinetics during gait","volume":"5","author":"Holden","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(99)00042-9","article-title":"Comparison of surface mounted markers and attachment methods in estimating tibial rotations during walking: an in vivo study","volume":"11","author":"Manal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(01)00174-6","article-title":"Knee moment profiles during walking: errors due to soft tissue movement of the shank and the influence of the reference coordinate system","volume":"15","author":"Manal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(94)90041-8","article-title":"Radiographic study of skin displacement errors in the foot and ankle during standing","volume":"9","author":"Maslen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(97)00052-1","article-title":"The relative skin movement of the foot: a 2D roentgen photogrammetry study","volume":"13","author":"Tranberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0160(96)00210-4","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of skin\u2013bone movement at the knee","volume":"3","author":"Sati","year":"1996","journal-title":"Knee"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib28","series-title":"Proceedings of the 7th Annual Meeting of Gait and Clinical Movement Analysis Society","article-title":"Skin motion artifacts at the knee during impact movements","author":"Tashman","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib29","series-title":"IV World Congress of Biomechanics","article-title":"Skin motion artefact characterization from 3D fluoroscopy and stereophotogrammetry","author":"Fantozzi","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib30","series-title":"IV World Congress of Biomechanics","article-title":"Effect of skin motion artefacts on knee joint kinematics","author":"Stagni","year":"2002"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-003-0388-1","article-title":"Methodological concerns using intra-cortical pins to measure tibiofemoral kinematics","volume":"11","author":"Ramsey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(97)00041-7","article-title":"Data management in gait analysis for clinical applications","volume":"13","author":"Benedetti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(98)00148-1","article-title":"Validation of a functional method for the estimation of the hip joint centre location","volume":"32","author":"Leardini","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(99)00008-X","article-title":"An anatomically based protocol for the description of foot segment kinematics during gait","volume":"14","author":"Leardini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(95)95278-D","article-title":"A solidification procedure to facilitate kinematic analyses based on video system data","volume":"28","author":"Ch\u00e8ze","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(93)90098-Y","article-title":"Determining the movements of the skeleton using well-configured markers","volume":"12","author":"S\u00f6derkvist","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(95)91394-T","article-title":"Position and orientation of bones during movement: anatomical frame definition and determination","volume":"10","author":"Cappozzo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9457(96)00055-3","article-title":"Multiple anatomical landmark calibration for optimal bone pose estimation","volume":"16","author":"Cappello","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib39","series-title":"Proceedings of SPIE\u2014The International Society for Optical Engineering, BiOS\u201998\u2014International Biomedical Optics Symposium","article-title":"Modeling of the pliant surfaces of the thigh and leg during gait","author":"Ball","year":"1998"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(98)00083-9","article-title":"Skin movement artefact assessment and compensation in the estimation of knee-joint kinematics","volume":"31","author":"Lucchetti","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(84)90004-6","article-title":"Gait analysis methodology","volume":"3","author":"Cappozzo","year":"1984","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2834888","article-title":"A point cluster method for in vivo motion analysis: applied to a study of knee kinematics","volume":"120","author":"Andriacchi","year":"1998","journal-title":"ASME J. Biomech. Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(00)00192-5","article-title":"Correcting for deformation in skin-based marker systems","volume":"34","author":"Alexander","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib44","first-page":"351","article-title":"Non-rigid modeling of body segments for improved skeletal motion estimation","volume":"4","author":"Alexander","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comp. Mod. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45015-7_28","article-title":"Validation of the interval deformation technique for compensating soft tissue artefact in human motion analysis","volume":"2673","author":"Stagni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(94)90012-4","article-title":"Assessment of a method to estimate muscle attachments from surface landmarks: a 3D computer graphics approach","volume":"27","author":"Kepple","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(98)00158-4","article-title":"Bone position estimation from skin marker coordinates using global optimization with joint constraints","volume":"32","author":"Lu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib48","series-title":"Sixth International Symposium on the 3D Analysis of Human Movement","article-title":"Three-dimensional computer graphics-based modelling and mechanical analysis of the human locomotor system","author":"Lu","year":"2000"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib49","first-page":"S14","article-title":"A new lower body model using global optimisation techniques","volume":"16","author":"Roren","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib50","first-page":"S127","article-title":"Repeatability of an optimised lower body model","volume":"16","author":"Charlton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charlton IW, Tate P, Smyth P, Roren L. Repeatability of an optimised lower body model. Gait Posture 2004 [in press].","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2003.09.004"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02344878","article-title":"Real-time human motion estimation using biomechanical models and non-linear state-space filters","volume":"41","author":"Cerveri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9457(03)00004-6","article-title":"Robust recovery of human motion from video using Kalman filters and virtual humans","volume":"22","author":"Cerveri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib54","series-title":"Seventh International Symposium on 3D Analysis of Human Movement Newcastle upon Tyne","article-title":"Advanced modelling and simulation of lower limb motion using medical imaging, electrogoniometry and gait analysis data","author":"Van Sint Jan","year":"2002"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(99)00120-7","article-title":"A new method for estimating the axis of rotation and the center of rotation","volume":"2","author":"Halvorsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(80)90020-2","article-title":"Rigid body motion calculated from spatial coordinates of markers","volume":"13","author":"Spoor","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00186-5","article-title":"Minimum measured-input models for the assessment of motor ability","volume":"35","author":"Cappozzo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib58","first-page":"192","article-title":"Thigh skin artefacts through finite element method gait simulation","volume":"16","author":"Corazza","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib59","series-title":"Proceedings of the 27th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Biomechanics","article-title":"Numerical approach to skin artifacts correction in stereophotogrammetry","author":"Corazza","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(91)90047-2","article-title":"Three-dimensional analysis of human locomotor acts: experimental methods and associated artefacts","volume":"10","author":"Cappozzo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."}],"container-title":["Gait & Posture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0966636204000773?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0966636204000773?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]],"date-time":"2023-04-29T02:39:58Z","timestamp":1682735998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0966636204000773"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0966636204000773"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.05.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0966-6362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0966-6362","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,2]]}}}