{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T23:07:09Z","timestamp":1787785629849,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]],"date-time":"2019-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]],"date-time":"2019-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gait & Posture"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]],"date-time":"2019-04-04T18:41:01Z","timestamp":1554403261000},"page":"389-396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Beyond speed: Gait changes after botulinum toxin injections in chronic stroke survivors (a systematic review)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"L. Eduardo","family":"Cofr\u00e9 Lizama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fary","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0045-7978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary P.","family":"Galea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215502cr512oa","article-title":"Prevalence of spasticity post stroke","volume":"16","author":"Watkins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0010","first-page":"25","article-title":"Gait parameters following stroke: a practical assessment","volume":"32","author":"von Schroeder","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0015","article-title":"Gait asymmetry, ankle spasticity, and depression as independent predictors of falls in ambulatory stroke patients","volume":"12","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2468","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002468","article-title":"Systematic literature review of AbobotulinumtoxinA in clinical trials for lower limb spasticity","volume":"95","author":"Dashtipour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-200112000-00015","article-title":"Botulinum treatment of spasticity: why is it so difficult to show a functional benefit?","volume":"14","author":"Sheean","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(98)00062-X","article-title":"Plantarflexor weakness as a limiting factor of gait speed in stroke subjects and the compensating role of hip flexors","volume":"14","author":"Nadeau","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech. Bristol Avon (Bristol, Avon)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.02.016","article-title":"Walking velocity and lower limb coordination in hemiparesis","volume":"36","author":"Hutin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03084.x","article-title":"Does the treatment of spastic equinovarus deformity following stroke with botulinum toxin increase gait velocity? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Foley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-017-0670-9","article-title":"A systematic review: efficacy of botulinum toxin in walking and quality of life in post-stroke lower limb spasticity","volume":"7","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2016.1139294","article-title":"Effectiveness of botulinum toxin for lower limbs spasticity after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Top. Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2012.717579","article-title":"Are gait and mobility measures responsive to change following botulinum toxin injections in adults with lower limb spasticity?","volume":"35","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.15.00076","article-title":"Instrumented gait analysis: a tool in the treatment of spastic gait dysfunction","volume":"4","author":"Moon","year":"2016","journal-title":"JBJS Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0065","series-title":"International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health : ICF. Version 1.0","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215515593783","article-title":"Systematic review of adjunct therapies to improve outcomes following botulinum toxin injection for treatment of limb spasticity","volume":"30","author":"Mills","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0075","first-page":"171","article-title":"Does gait analysis change clinical decision-making in poststroke patients? Results from a pragmatic prospective observational study","volume":"51","author":"Ferrarin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1310\/tsr1704-318","article-title":"The role of kinesiotaping combined with botulinum toxin to reduce plantar flexors spasticity after stroke","volume":"17","author":"Karadag-Saygi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Top. Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1159\/000069495","article-title":"A double-blind randomised placebo-controlled evaluation of three doses of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) in the treatment of spastic equinovarus deformity after stroke","volume":"15","author":"Pittock","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.759","article-title":"Gait improvement by low-dose botulinum toxin A injection treatment of the lower limbs in subacute stroke patients","volume":"27","author":"Tao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0251","article-title":"A single-blinded, randomized pilot study of botulinum toxin type A combined with non-pharmacological treatment for spastic foot","volume":"40","author":"Baricich","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(98)90068-5","article-title":"Low-dose botulinum toxin with ankle taping for the treatment of spastic equinovarus foot after stroke","volume":"79","author":"Reiter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.18.05168-7","article-title":"How effective is physical therapy for gait muscle activity in hemiparetic patients who receive botulinum toxin injections?","volume":"55","author":"Fujita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2009.04.003","article-title":"The effect of botulinum toxin injections on gait control in spastic stroke patients presenting with a stiff-knee gait","volume":"30","author":"Bleyenheuft","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2013.07.002","article-title":"Changes in electromyographic activity after botulinum toxin injection of the rectus femoris in patients with hemiparesis walking with a stiff-knee gait","volume":"23","author":"Boudarham","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.516153","article-title":"Effect of simultaneous botulinum toxin injections into several muscles on impairment, activity, participation, and quality of life among stroke patients presenting with a stiff knee gait","volume":"39","author":"Caty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0125","first-page":"609","article-title":"Effects of botulinum neurotoxin on spatio-temporal gait parameters of patients with chronic stroke: a prospective open-label study","volume":"51","author":"Gastaldi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2017.01.018","article-title":"Improvement of upper trunk posture during walking in hemiplegic patients after injections of botulinum toxin into the arm","volume":"43","author":"Hefter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech. Bristol Avon (Bristol, Avon)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.27.3.455","article-title":"Ankle muscle activity before and after botulinum toxin therapy for lower limb extensor spasticity in chronic hemiparetic patients","volume":"27","author":"Hesse","year":"1996","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20499","article-title":"Association between botulinum toxin injection into the arm and changes in gait in adults after stroke","volume":"20","author":"Hirsch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2010.10.007","article-title":"Lower limb coordination patterns in hemiparetic gait: factors of knee flexion impairment","volume":"26","author":"Hutin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968309354535","article-title":"Lower limb coordination in hemiparetic subjects: impact of botulinum toxin injections into rectus femoris","volume":"24","author":"Hutin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2012.12.006","article-title":"Effect of botulinum toxin injection on length and lengthening velocity of rectus femoris during gait in hemiparetic patients","volume":"28","author":"Lampire","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech. Bristol Avon (Bristol, Avon)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1310\/tsr1605-367","article-title":"Gait changes following botulinum toxin A treatment in stroke","volume":"16","author":"Novak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Top. Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2011.04.003","article-title":"A pilot study to investigate the combined use of Botulinum toxin type-a and ankle foot orthosis for the treatment of spastic foot in chronic hemiplegic patients","volume":"26","author":"Pradon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0170","first-page":"361","article-title":"Use of gait parameters to predict the effectiveness of botulinum toxin injection in the spastic rectus femoris muscle of stroke patients with stiff knee gait","volume":"51","author":"Roche","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2008.02112.x","article-title":"Comparison of botulinum toxin injection and neurotomy in patients with distal lower limb spasticity","volume":"15","author":"Rousseaux","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2005.01.009","article-title":"Variability and predictability of functional efficacy of botulinum toxin injection in leg spastic muscles","volume":"232","author":"Rousseaux","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.08.131","article-title":"Effect of botulinum toxin injection in the rectus femoris on stiff-knee gait in people with stroke: a prospective observational study","volume":"89","author":"Stoquart","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.04.006","article-title":"Quantitative assessment for flexed-elbow deformity during gait following botulinum toxin A treatment","volume":"62","author":"Tanikawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0195","series-title":"Evidence-based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM","author":"Richardson","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e3182465feb","article-title":"The effects of onabotulinum toxin A injection into rectus femoris muscle in hemiplegic stroke patients with stiff-knee gait: a placebo-controlled, nonrandomized trial","volume":"91","author":"Tok","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.01.014","article-title":"Minimal detectable changes of the Berg Balance Scale, Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale, timed \"up & go\" Test, gait speeds, and 2-minute walk test in individuals with chronic stroke with different degrees of ankle plantarflexor tone","volume":"93","author":"Hiengkaew","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0b013e318218e2f2","article-title":"Estimating clinically important change in gait speed in people with stroke undergoing outpatient rehabilitation","volume":"35","author":"Fulk","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.10.009","article-title":"Gait phase varies over velocities","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(02)00060-7","article-title":"Predicting peak kinematic and kinetic parameters from gait speed","volume":"17","author":"Lelas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.171673","article-title":"Does dynamic stability govern propulsive force generation in human walking?","volume":"4","author":"Browne","year":"2017","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2007.11.004","article-title":"The effect of walking speed on muscle function and mechanical energetics","volume":"28","author":"Neptune","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215511432016","article-title":"A prospective, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of onabotulinumtoxinA to treat plantarflexor\/invertor overactivity after stroke","volume":"26","author":"Dunne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.61.3.265","article-title":"A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial of botulinum toxin in the treatment of spastic foot in hemiparetic patients","volume":"61","author":"Burbaud","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-010-5526-3","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type A in post-stroke lower limb spasticity: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"257","author":"Kaji","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00120","article-title":"Spasticity, Motor Recovery, and Neural Plasticity after Stroke","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2016.1198694","article-title":"Wearable inertial sensors for human movement analysis","volume":"13","author":"Iosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Med. Devices"}],"container-title":["Gait & Posture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0966636218315777?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0966636218315777?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T18:10:56Z","timestamp":1760811056000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0966636218315777"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0966636218315777"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035","relation":{},"ISSN":["0966-6362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0966-6362","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Beyond speed: Gait changes after botulinum toxin injections in chronic stroke survivors (a systematic review)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Gait & Posture","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.035","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}