{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:08:08Z","timestamp":1792786088592,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"NHS Research Scotland Career Researcher Fellowship","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/020en6283","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Services Division"},{"name":"Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01bw7zm61","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gait & Posture"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]],"date-time":"2019-10-03T11:28:15Z","timestamp":1570102095000},"page":"98-104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A characterisation of established unilateral transfemoral amputee gait using 3D kinematics, kinetics and oxygen consumption measures"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Bruce","family":"Carse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Brady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Colvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0005","series-title":"A Survey of the Lower Limb Amputee Population in Scotland 2015","first-page":"1","author":"Scott","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2014.03.012","article-title":"Physical activity, functional capacity, and step variability during walking in people with lower-limb amputation","volume":"40","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2010.514646","article-title":"A systematic literature review of quality of life in lower limb amputees","volume":"33","author":"Sinha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1080\/03093640802016514","article-title":"Physical activity and quality of life: a study of a lower-limb amputee population","volume":"32","author":"Deans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0025","first-page":"82","article-title":"Gait analysis in amputees","volume":"64","author":"Skinner","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(95)80528-1","article-title":"Prosthetic gait of unilateral transfemoral amputees: a kinematic study","volume":"76","author":"Jaegers","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215506070700","article-title":"Physical capacity and walking ability after lower limb amputation: a systematic review","volume":"20","author":"van Velzen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2005.09.0147","article-title":"Kinematic and kinetic comparisons of transfemoral amputee gait using C-Leg and Mauch SNS prosthetic knees","volume":"43","author":"Segal","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2011.11.011","article-title":"Gait asymmetry of transfemoral amputees using mechanical and microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knees","volume":"27","author":"Kaufman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.09.013","article-title":"Use of gait summary measures with lower limb amputees","volume":"35","author":"Kark","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(02)00008-5","article-title":"Energy expenditure and biomechanical characteristics of lower limb amputee gait","volume":"16","author":"Schmalz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.11.053","article-title":"Energy expenditure and activity of transfemoral amputees using mechanical and microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knees","volume":"89","author":"Kaufman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.12.014","article-title":"Comparative biomechanical analysis of current microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee joints","volume":"91","author":"Bellmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.09.134","article-title":"Temporal spatial and metabolic measures of walking in highly functional individuals with lower limb amputations","volume":"98","author":"Jarvis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.09.024","article-title":"Medial-lateral centre of mass displacement and base of support are equally good predictors of metabolic cost in amputee walking","volume":"51","author":"Weinert-Aplin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2009.05.020","article-title":"The gait profile score and movement analysis profile","volume":"30","author":"Baker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2002.32309","article-title":"The Amputee Mobility Predictor: an instrument to assess determinants of the lower-limb amputee\u2019s ability to ambulate","author":"Gailey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2005.06.014","article-title":"A nondimensional normalization scheme for oxygen utilization data","volume":"24","author":"Schwartz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(02)00122-4","article-title":"Symmetry in vertical ground reaction force is accompanied by symmetry in temporal but not distance variables of gait in persons with stroke","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-018-0403-x","article-title":"Reference values for gait temporal and loading symmetry of lower-limb amputees can help in refocusing rehabilitation targets","volume":"15","author":"Cutti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.03.007","article-title":"Repeatability of a new observational gait score for unilateral lower limb amputees","volume":"32","author":"Hillman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0110","series-title":"Atlas Limb Prosthetics Surg. Prosthetic, Rehabil. Princ., Mosby Year Book","article-title":"Analysis of amputee gait","author":"Berger","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.22237\/jmasm\/1257035100","article-title":"New effect size rules of thumb","volume":"8","author":"Sawilowsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mod. Appl. Stat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0120","series-title":"ISPO World Congr.","first-page":"258","article-title":"Kinematics, kinetics and Gait Profile Score in highly functioning amputees","author":"Jarvis","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364617708649","article-title":"The influence of traumatic transfemoral amputation on metabolic cost across walking speeds","volume":"42","author":"Esposito","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.08.136","article-title":"Three-dimensional motions of trunk and pelvis during transfemoral amputee gait","volume":"89","author":"Goujon-Pillet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2003.06.002","article-title":"Mechanical and metabolic requirements for active lateral stabilization in human walking","volume":"37","author":"Donelan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2008.07.014","article-title":"Metabolic and mechanical energy costs of reducing vertical center of mass movement during gait","volume":"90","author":"Gordon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2014.12.0311","article-title":"The biomechanical response of persons with transfemoral amputation to variations in prosthetic knee alignment during level walking","volume":"53","author":"Koehler-McNicholas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.03.031","article-title":"Residual Limb Pain, and Back Pain in Amputees: Results of a National Survey","volume":"86","author":"Ephraim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364616685229","article-title":"Northwestern University Flexible Subischial Vacuum Socket for persons with transfemoral amputation-Part 1: description of technique","volume":"41","author":"Fatone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0160","first-page":"840","article-title":"Isometric and isokinetic hip abductor strength in persons with above-knee amputations","volume":"69","author":"Ryser","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5190816","article-title":"Relationship between asymmetry of gait and muscle torque in patients after unilateral transfemoral amputation","author":"Rutkowska-Kucharska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Bionics Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00222-6","article-title":"ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate system of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion - part 1: ankle, hip, and spine","volume":"35","author":"Wu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.05.042","article-title":"ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate systems of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion - Part II: shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand","volume":"38","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(95)00178-6","article-title":"Adjustments to Zatsiorsky-Seluyanov\u2019s segment inertia parameters","volume":"29","author":"De Leva","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(00)00083-7","article-title":"Pelvic angles: a mathematically rigorous definition which is consistent with a conventional clinical understanding of the terms","volume":"13","author":"Baker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.02.003","article-title":"Prediction of the hip joint centre in adults, children, and patients with cerebral palsy based on magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"40","author":"Harrington","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0195","series-title":"Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement","author":"Winter","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.04.017","article-title":"Ankle and foot power in gait analysis: implications for science, technology and clinical assessment","volume":"75","author":"Zelik","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.08.017","article-title":"A unified deformable (UD) segment model for quantifying total power of anatomical and prosthetic below-knee structures during stance in gait","volume":"45","author":"Takahashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomech."}],"container-title":["Gait & Posture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0966636219300499?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0966636219300499?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T18:08:04Z","timestamp":1760810884000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0966636219300499"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S0966636219300499"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029","relation":{},"ISSN":["0966-6362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0966-6362","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A characterisation of established unilateral transfemoral amputee gait using 3D kinematics, kinetics and oxygen consumption measures","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Gait & Posture","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.029","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}