{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T17:15:48Z","timestamp":1788542148648,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010652","name":"Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010652","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gait & Posture"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T21:46:09Z","timestamp":1636148769000},"page":"83-95","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Biomechanical factors affecting individuals with lower limb amputations running using running-specific prostheses: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Firdous","family":"Hadj-Moussa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calvin C.","family":"Ngan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Andrysek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/JPO.0000000000000181","article-title":"Prosthetic foot selection for individuals with lower-limb amputation: a clinical practice guideline","volume":"30","author":"Stevens","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Orthot."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2013.01.0024","article-title":"Transtibial energy-storage-and-return prosthetic devices: a review of energy concepts and a proposed nomenclature","volume":"39","author":"Hafner","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2019.00016","article-title":"The effect of prosthetic alignment on prosthetic and total leg stiffness while running with simulated running-specific prostheses","volume":"1","author":"Groothuis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Sports Act. Living"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109629","article-title":"Joint work and ground reaction forces during running with daily-use and running-specific prostheses","volume":"101","author":"Sepp","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3951\/sobim.38.105","article-title":"Running-specific prostheses: the history, mechanics, and controversy","volume":"38","author":"Hobara","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Soc. Biomech."},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1080\/19346182.2008.9648476","article-title":"Biomechanics of double transtibial amputee sprinting using dedicated sprinting prostheses","volume":"1","author":"Br\u00fcggemann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sports Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00896.2016","article-title":"Prosthetic model, but not stiffness or height, affects the metabolic cost of running for athletes with unilateral transtibial amputations","volume":"123","author":"Beck","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00737.2017","article-title":"The biomechanics of the fastest sprinter with a unilateral transtibial amputation","volume":"124","author":"Beck","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00174.2009","article-title":"The fastest runner on artificial legs: different limbs, similar function?","volume":"107","author":"Weyand","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181923cee","article-title":"Running-specific prostheses permit energy cost similar to nonamputees","volume":"41","author":"Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Advantages and limitations of new sports prosthetic components developed for running in lower limb","volume":"2","author":"Schmalz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Med. Rehabil. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/23311916.2016.1158488","article-title":"An insight into the use and assessment of lower limb running prostheses in sport with a disability: A mixed method approach","volume":"3","author":"Dyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cogent Eng."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.2165\/11590420-000000000-00000","article-title":"Amputees and sports: a systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Bragaru","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib14","first-page":"440","article-title":"An insight into Paralympic amputee sprinting","volume":"3","author":"Lewis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Ther. Rehabil."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200030020-00006","article-title":"Injuries to athletes with disabilities identifying injury patterns","volume":"30","author":"Ferrara","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002203","article-title":"A limb-specific strategy across a range of running speeds in transfemoral amputees","volume":"52","author":"Sakata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2005.04.003","article-title":"Hip and knee frontal plane moments in persons with unilateral, trans-tibial amputation","volume":"23","author":"Royer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2014-0290","article-title":"Amputee locomotion: ground reaction forces during submaximal running with running-specific prostheses","volume":"32","author":"Baum","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000174","article-title":"Athletes With versus without leg amputations: different biomechanics, similar running economy","volume":"47","author":"Beck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2008.05.007","article-title":"Carbon fibre prostheses and running in amputees: a review","volume":"14","author":"Nolan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement","volume":"4","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.26603\/ijspt20180453","article-title":"Reliability of two-dimensional video-based running gait analysis","volume":"13","author":"Reinking","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738119844795","article-title":"Validity and reliability of 2-dimensional video-based assessment to analyze foot strike pattern and step rate during running: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"de Oliveira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.52.6.377","article-title":"The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions","volume":"52","author":"Downs","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.04.047","article-title":"The use of wearable devices for walking and running gait analysis outside of the lab: a systematic review","volume":"63","author":"Benson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.07.006","article-title":"Balance control in lower extremity amputees during quiet standing: a systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Ku","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.3390\/s20061628","article-title":"Biofeedback systems for gait rehabilitation of individuals with lower-limb amputation: a systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Escamilla-Nunez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S357","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2012.713721","article-title":"The bouncing mechanism of running in a transfemoral amputee wearing a blade prosthesis","volume":"15","author":"Mauroy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib29","article-title":"Innovative alignment of sprinting prostheses for persons with transfemoral amputation: exploratory study on a gold medal Paralympic athlete","author":"Migliore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000905","article-title":"Amputee locomotion: joint moment adaptations to running speed using running-specific prostheses after unilateral transtibial amputation","volume":"98","author":"Baum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Amputee locomotion: lower extremity loading using running-specific prostheses","volume":"39","author":"Hobara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.12.016","article-title":"Dynamic balance during running using running-specific prostheses","volume":"84","author":"Sepp","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.07.009","article-title":"Amputee locomotion: Spring-like leg behavior and stiffness regulation using running-specific prostheses","volume":"46","author":"Hobara","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prosthetic model, but not stiffness or height, affects maximum running velocity in athletes with bilateral transtibial amputations","volume":"10","author":"Taboga","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56479-8","article-title":"Prosthetic model, but not stiffness or height, affects maximum running velocity in athletes with unilateral transtibial amputations","volume":"10","author":"Taboga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00587.2016","article-title":"Reduced prosthetic stiffness lowers the metabolic cost of running for athletes with bilateral transtibial amputations","volume":"122","author":"Beck","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib37","unstructured":"C. Umberto, B. Massimiliano, B. Daniele, and Z. Matteo, Kinematics of sprinting: Comparison between normal and amputee athletes, in: Proceedings of the XXIV ISBS Int. Symp. Biomech., no. January 2015, 2006, pp. 1\u20135."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(99)00094-7","article-title":"Biomechanical adaptations of transtibial amputee sprinting in athletes using dedicated prostheses","volume":"15","author":"Buckley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2020.104999","article-title":"Loading rates in unilateral transfemoral amputees with running-specific prostheses across a range of speeds","volume":"75","author":"Hobara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.12.014","article-title":"Leg stiffness in unilateral transfemoral amputees across a range of running speeds","volume":"84","author":"Hobara","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2017-0008","article-title":"Ground reaction forces during sprinting in unilateral transfemoral amputees","volume":"33","author":"Makimoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"issue":"73","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2011.0877","article-title":"Leg stiffness of sprinters using running-specific prostheses","volume":"9","author":"McGowan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.11.058","article-title":"Regulation of step frequency in transtibial amputee endurance athletes using a running-specific prosthesis","volume":"51","author":"Oudenhoven","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.04.038","article-title":"Leg stiffness during sprinting in transfemoral amputees with running-specific prosthesis","volume":"56","author":"Sano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.1347","article-title":"The effects of changes in the sagittal plane alignment of running-specific transtibial prostheses on ground reaction forces","volume":"27","author":"Tominaga","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"issue":"00","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib46","first-page":"1","article-title":"Anterior-posterior ground reaction forces across a range of running speeds in unilateral transfemoral amputees","volume":"00","author":"Sakata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62964-2","article-title":"Effect of step frequency on leg stiffness during running in unilateral transfemoral amputees","volume":"10","author":"Hobara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4049227","article-title":"Hip joint contact loading and muscle forces during running with a transtibial amputation","volume":"143","author":"Sepp","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16383-5","article-title":"Elite long jumpers with below the knee prostheses approach the board slower, but take-off more effectively than non-amputee athletes","volume":"7","author":"Willwacher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2009.0729","article-title":"Running-specific prostheses limit ground-force during sprinting","volume":"6","author":"Grabowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.04.008","article-title":"Interlimb muscle and fat comparisons in persons with lower-limb amputation","volume":"91","author":"Sherk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2017.01.003","article-title":"Mechanical characterization and comparison of energy storage and return prostheses","volume":"41","author":"Rigney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3109\/03093649209164303","article-title":"Running gait impulse asymmetries in below-knee amputees","volume":"16","author":"Prince","year":"1992","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.03.030","article-title":"Running at submaximal speeds, the role of the intact and prosthetic limbs for trans-tibial amputees","volume":"62","author":"Strike","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115637","article-title":"Effect of running speed and leg prostheses on mediolateral foot placement and its variability","volume":"10","author":"Arellano","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.03.010","article-title":"Amputee locomotion: determining the inertial properties of running-specific prostheses","volume":"94","author":"Baum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib57","article-title":"Joint moments during sprinting in unilateral transfemoral amputees wearing running-specific prostheses","volume":"8","author":"Namiki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364611433353","article-title":"The effects of altering initial ground contact in the running gait of an individual with transtibial amputation","volume":"36","author":"Waetjen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364611407677","article-title":"Biomechanical models in the study of lower limb amputee kinematics: a review","volume":"35","author":"Kent","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.07.039","article-title":"A prosthesis-specific multi-link segment model of lower-limb amputee sprinting","volume":"49","author":"Rigney","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13040580","article-title":"Asymmetry in three-dimensional sprinting with and without running-specific prostheses","volume":"13","author":"Emonds","year":"2021","journal-title":"Symmetry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00947.2009","article-title":"The biological limits to running speed are imposed from the ground up","volume":"108","author":"Weyand","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002203","article-title":"A limb-specific strategy across a range of running speeds in transfemoral amputees","volume":"52","author":"Hiroyuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"131","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2017.0230","article-title":"How do prosthetic stiffness, height and running speed affect the biomechanics of athletes with bilateral transtibial amputations?","volume":"14","author":"Beck","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168298","article-title":"Characterizing the mechanical properties of running-specific prostheses","volume":"11","author":"Beck","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/19346182.2008.9648477","article-title":"Lower extremity leg amputation: an advantage in running?","volume":"1","author":"Lechler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sports Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(99)90189-2","article-title":"Sprint kinematics of athletes with lower-limb amputations","volume":"80","author":"Buckley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.1347","article-title":"The effects of changes in the sagittal plane alignment of running-specific transtibial prostheses on ground reaction forces","volume":"27","author":"Tominaga","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-020-04367-9","article-title":"Added lower limb mass does not affect biomechanical asymmetry but increases metabolic power in runners with a unilateral transtibial amputation","volume":"120","author":"Alcantara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2013.802377","article-title":"Benefits and barriers to physical activity for individuals with disabilities: a social-relational model of disability perspective","volume":"35","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2018.09.017","article-title":"Walking and balance in children and adolescents with lower-limb amputation: a review of literature","volume":"59","author":"Eshraghi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2016.1185458","article-title":"Lower limb joint angles and ground reaction forces in forefoot strike and rearfoot strike runners during overground downhill and uphill running","volume":"15","author":"Kowalski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."}],"container-title":["Gait & Posture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0966636221005749?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0966636221005749?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T18:15:06Z","timestamp":1760811306000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0966636221005749"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["S0966636221005749"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044","relation":{},"ISSN":["0966-6362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0966-6362","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Biomechanical factors affecting individuals with lower limb amputations running using running-specific prostheses: A systematic review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Gait & Posture","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.044","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}