{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:29:57Z","timestamp":1790814597205,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["325230_146801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["325230_146801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gait & Posture"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T13:12:59Z","timestamp":1690463579000},"page":"104-109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Toe-walking and its impact on first and second rocker in gait patterns with different degrees of artificially emulated soleus and gastrocnemius contracture"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Attias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Bonnefoy-Mazure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"De Coulon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Cheze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Armand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2005.02.007","article-title":"Identification and classification of toe-walkers based on ankle kinematics, using a data-mining method","volume":"23","author":"Armand","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1146-3-16","article-title":"Idiopathic toe walking and sensory processing dysfunction","volume":"3","author":"Williams","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364611427764","article-title":"Simulation of unilateral equinus using an adjustable orthosis in children: design, feasibility and biomechanical effects","volume":"36","author":"Houx","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2007.09.004","article-title":"Evaluation of plantar flexion contracture contribution during the gait of children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"19","author":"Gaudreault","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Electro Kinesiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib5","article-title":"Passive movements for the treatment and prevention of contractures","volume":"12","author":"Prabhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00278.2018","article-title":"Muscle contracture and passive mechanics in cerebral palsy","volume":"126","author":"Lieber","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (Bethesda, Md.: 1985)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib7","unstructured":"J. Perry, J. Burnfield, Gait Analysis: Normal and Pathological Function, Slack, Pomona, CA, 2010."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib8","first-page":"37","article-title":"Gait characteristics following Achilles tendon elongation: the foot rocker perspective","volume":"10","author":"Bober","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Bioeng. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2021.105321","article-title":"Early identification of toe walking gait in preschool children - Development and application of a quasi-automated video screening procedure","volume":"84","author":"Speedtsberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.07.118","article-title":"Influence of different degrees of bilateral emulated contractures at the triceps surae on gait kinematics: the difference between gastrocnemius and soleus","volume":"58","author":"Attias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2006.12.010","article-title":"An electromyographic analysis of obligatory (hemiplegic cerebral palsy) and voluntary (normal) unilateral toe-walking","volume":"26","author":"Romkes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.08.016","article-title":"Humans can continuously optimize energetic cost during walking","volume":"25","author":"Selinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2015.1064112","article-title":"Are clinical parameters sufficient to model gait patterns in patients with cerebral palsy using a multilinear approach?","volume":"19","author":"Bonnefoy-Mazure","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2005.10.008","article-title":"Do dynamic and static clinical measurements correlate with gait analysis parameters in children with cerebral palsy?","volume":"24","author":"Desloovere","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2015.03.004","article-title":"One- and multi-segment foot models lead to opposite results on ankle joint kinematics during gait: Implications for clinical assessment","volume":"30","author":"Pothrat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(00)90219-3","article-title":"Compensatory advantages of toe walking","volume":"81","author":"Kerrigan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.09.016","article-title":"Feasibility and reliability of using an exoskeleton to emulate muscle contractures during walking","volume":"50","author":"Attias","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(91)90046-Z","article-title":"A gait data collection and reduction technique","volume":"10","author":"Davis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.04.015","article-title":"The conventional gait model, an open-source implementation that reproduces the past but prepares for the future","volume":"69","author":"Leboeuf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100080310","article-title":"Measurement of lower extremity kinematics during level walking","volume":"8","author":"Kadaba","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res.: Off. Publ. Orthop. Res. Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s11420-015-9474-4","article-title":"Simulated ankle equinus affects knee kinematics during gait","volume":"12","author":"Drefus","year":"2016","journal-title":"HSS J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.01.026","article-title":"Threshold of equinus which alters biomechanical gait parameters in children","volume":"38","author":"Houx","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2014.01.009","article-title":"The impact of simulated ankle plantarflexion contracture on the knee joint during stance phase of gait: a within-subject study","volume":"29","author":"Leung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annrmp.2007.02.004","article-title":"Testing range of motion in cerebral palsy","volume":"50","author":"Viehweger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Readapt. Med Phys."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.03.008","article-title":"Generalized n-dimensional biomechanical field analysis using statistical parametric mapping","volume":"43","author":"Pataky","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.02.051","article-title":"Zero- vs. one-dimensional, parametric vs. non-parametric, and confidence interval vs. hypothesis testing procedures in one-dimensional biomechanical trajectory analysis","volume":"48","author":"Pataky","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2014.01.012","article-title":"Biomechanical ToolKit: open-source framework to visualize and process biomechanical data","volume":"114","author":"Barre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Prog. Biomed."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2014.11.009","article-title":"Trunk movements during gait in cerebral palsy","volume":"30","author":"Attias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/BPB.0b013e32801405bf","article-title":"Evaluating upper body movements during gait in healthy children and children with diplegic cerebral palsy","volume":"16","author":"Romkes","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pedia Orthop. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib30","series-title":"Handbook of Human Motion","article-title":"Contracture and gait deviations","author":"Armand","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.12.029","article-title":"Kinematics can help to discriminate the implication of iliopsoas, hamstring and gastrocnemius contractures to a knee flexion gait pattern","volume":"68","author":"Attias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1113\/EP089658","article-title":"In vivo operating lengths of the gastrocnemius muscle during gait in children who idiopathically toe-walk","volume":"106","author":"Harkness-Armstrong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1113\/EP090713","article-title":"In vivo operating lengths of the gastrocnemius muscle during gait in children who idiopathically toe-walk","volume":"107","author":"Veerkamp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.03.015","article-title":"The effect of walking speed on the gait of typically developing children","volume":"41","author":"Schwartz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2013.06.013","article-title":"Walking more slowly than with normal velocity: The influence on trunk and pelvis kinematics in young and older healthy persons","volume":"28","author":"Swinnen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."}],"container-title":["Gait & Posture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0966636223013139?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0966636223013139?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T18:21:42Z","timestamp":1760811702000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0966636223013139"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["S0966636223013139"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285","relation":{},"ISSN":["0966-6362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0966-6362","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Toe-walking and its impact on first and second rocker in gait patterns with different degrees of artificially emulated soleus and gastrocnemius contracture","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Gait & Posture","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.285","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}