{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T12:27:35Z","timestamp":1780835255101,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gait & Posture"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T17:28:01Z","timestamp":1752600481000},"page":"137-143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The unexpected influence of a stiff minimalist insole on the forefoot and ankle joint biomechanics during walking"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00e9my","family":"Gonthier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Gillet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Leteneur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham J.","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jim","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilie","family":"Simoneau-Buessinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24647","article-title":"Effects of shoe-stiffening inserts on lower extremity kinematics in individuals with first metatarsophalangeal joint osteoarthritis","volume":"74","author":"McClelland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2021.02.002","article-title":"Shoe-stiffening inserts for first metatarsophalangeal joint osteoarthritis: a randomised trial","author":"Munteanu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.11.001","article-title":"Hallux rigidus: etiology, biomechanics, and nonoperative treatment","volume":"14","author":"Shurnas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Clin."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.3390\/s23042154","article-title":"Acute effects of carbon fiber insole on three aspects of sports performance, lower extremity muscle activity, and subjective comfort","volume":"23","author":"Ko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-7867","article-title":"Energy aspects associated with sport shoes","volume":"14","author":"Stefanyshyn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sport. Sportschaden"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2019.06.015","article-title":"Does increased midsole bending stiffness of sport shoes redistribute lower limb joint work during running?","volume":"22","author":"Cigoja","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.29.5.583","article-title":"Does specific footwear facilitate energy storage and return at the metatarsophalangeal joint in running?","volume":"29","author":"Willwacher","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"issue":"sup1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1080\/19424280.2021.1917672","article-title":"Effects of midsole bending stiffness and shape on lower extremity joint work per distance in level, incline and decline running","volume":"13","author":"Willwacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Footwear Sci."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6430","DOI":"10.3390\/s24196430","article-title":"Effect of custom-made foot orthotics on multi-segment foot kinematics and kinetics in individuals with structural Hallux Limitus","volume":"24","author":"Martinez-Rico","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2014.05.009","article-title":"Quantifying stair gait stability in young and older adults, with modifications to insole hardness","volume":"40","author":"Antonio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.7547\/0940269","article-title":"Sagittal plane compensations for artificially induced limitation of the first metatarsophalangeal joint: a preliminary study","volume":"94","author":"Hall","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/prosthesis5010019","article-title":"Morton\u2019s extension on Hallux Rigidus pathology","volume":"5","author":"S\u00e1nchez-G\u00f3mez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prosthesis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052505","article-title":"Pilot study: effect of Morton\u2019s extension on the subtalar joint forces in subjects with excessive foot pronation","volume":"23","author":"Palomo-Toucedo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364615584659","article-title":"Effect by custom-made foot orthoses with added support under the first metatarso-phalangeal joint in hallux limitus patients: improving on first metatarso-phalangeal joint extension","volume":"40","author":"Gordillo-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prosthet. Orthot. Int."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/pst.185","article-title":"Sample size of 12 per group rule of thumb for a pilot study","volume":"4","author":"Julious","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharm. Stat."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/j..2002.384.doc.x","article-title":"Design and analysis of pilot studies: recommendations for good practice","volume":"10","author":"Lancaster","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Eval. Clin. Pract."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280215588241","article-title":"Estimating the sample size for a pilot randomised trial to minimise the overall trial sample size for the external pilot and main trial for a continuous outcome variable","volume":"25","author":"Whitehead","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.01.014","article-title":"The bending stiffness of shoes is beneficial to running energetics if it does not disturb the natural MTP joint flexion","volume":"53","author":"Oh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000193562.22001.e8","article-title":"Shoe midsole longitudinal bending stiffness and running economy, joint energy, and EMG","volume":"38","author":"Roy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Divert, H. Baur, G. Mornieux, F. Mayer, A. Belli et al., Stiffness Adaptations in Shod Running, 2005, doi: 10.1123\/jab.21.4.311.","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.21.4.311"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-022-00574-z","article-title":"Do different multi-segment foot models detect the same changes in kinematics when wearing foot orthoses?","volume":"15","author":"Klein","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib22","article-title":"Acute effects of midsole bending stiffness on lower extremity biomechanics during layup jumps","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Sci. (Switzerland)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2016.03.003","article-title":"The influence of minimalist footwear and stride length reduction on lower-extremity running mechanics and cumulative loading","volume":"19","author":"Firminger","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.09.005","article-title":"A sensitivity analysis method for the body segment inertial parameters based on ground reaction and joint moment regressor matrices","volume":"64","author":"Futamure","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2017-0265","article-title":"Determination of ankle and metatarsophalangeal stiffness during walking and jogging","volume":"34","author":"Mager","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2013.07.031","article-title":"Vector field statistical analysis of kinematic and force trajectories","volume":"46","author":"Pataky","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200111000-00021","article-title":"Relationship between footwear comfort of shoe inserts and anthropometric and sensory factors","volume":"33","author":"M\u00fcndermann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095054","article-title":"Running shoes and running injuries: mythbusting and a proposal for two new paradigms: \u2018preferred movement path\u2019 and \u2018comfort filter\u2019","volume":"49","author":"Nigg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29870","article-title":"Adding stiffness to the foot modulates soleus force-velocity behaviour during human walking","volume":"6","author":"Takahashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-1024-z","article-title":"The biomechanics of competitive male runners in three marathon racing shoes: a randomized crossover study","volume":"49","author":"Hoogkamer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01406-5","article-title":"Energetics and biomechanics of running footwear with increased longitudinal bending stiffness: a narrative review","volume":"51","author":"Ortega","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib32","first-page":"25","article-title":"The mechanics of the foot","volume":"88","author":"Hicks","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.02.023","article-title":"Elastic energy within the human plantar aponeurosis contributes to arch shortening during the push-off phase of running","volume":"49","author":"Wager","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"168","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2020.0208","article-title":"Foot stiffening during the push-off phase of human walking is linked to active muscle contraction, and not the windlass mechanism","volume":"17","author":"Farris","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"issue":"145","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2018.0270","article-title":"Influence of the windlass mechanism on arch-spring mechanics during dynamic foot arch deformation","volume":"15","author":"Welte","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2022.111410","article-title":"Comparison of skin and shoe marker placement on metatarsophalangeal joint kinematics and kinetics during running","volume":"146","author":"Perrin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023_bib37","article-title":"Differences in multi-segment foot kinematics measured using skin and shoe mounted markers","author":"Sinclair","year":"2014","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Online J."}],"container-title":["Gait & Posture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0966636225002541?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0966636225002541?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T08:31:53Z","timestamp":1757406713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0966636225002541"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["S0966636225002541"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023","relation":{},"ISSN":["0966-6362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0966-6362","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The unexpected influence of a stiff minimalist insole on the forefoot and ankle joint biomechanics during walking","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Gait & Posture","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.06.023","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}