{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T11:13:33Z","timestamp":1784632413499,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022909","name":"Australian Podiatry Education and Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022909","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1031893"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1031893"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gait &amp; Posture"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]],"date-time":"2025-08-31T14:14:55Z","timestamp":1756649695000},"page":"109962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Age is just a number: Clustering gait and functional measures"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Matthew JD","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marnee J.","family":"McKay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Cartwright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra V.","family":"Birn-Jeffery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2017.05.005","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of gait mechanics in young and older adults","volume":"95","author":"Boyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.06.012","article-title":"Do spatiotemporal parameters and gait variability differ across the lifespan of healthy adults? A systematic review","volume":"64","author":"Herssens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14728","article-title":"Determinants of age-related decline in walking speed in older women","volume":"11","author":"Martins","year":"2023","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198820020-00010","article-title":"Age-related changes in speed of walking","volume":"20","author":"Himann","year":"1988","journal-title":"Med Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2014.12.002","article-title":"1000 norms project consortium, 1000 norms project: protocol of a cross-sectional study cataloging human variation","volume":"102","author":"McKay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.07.004","article-title":"Spatiotemporal and plantar pressure patterns of 1000 healthy individuals aged 3-101 years","volume":"58","author":"McKay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2021.111646","article-title":"Gait speed reference values in community-dwelling older adults - cross-sectional analysis from the rotterdam study","volume":"158","author":"Dommershuijsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2019.102540","article-title":"The influence of aging on the spatial and temporal variables of gait during usual and fast speeds in older adults aged 60 to 102\u00a0years","volume":"68","author":"Magnani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2190\/AG.77.1.c","article-title":"The old, old-old, and the oldest old: continuation or distinct categories? An examination of the relationship between age and changes in health, function, and wellbeing","volume":"77","author":"Cohen-Mansfield","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J. Aging Hum. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.18848\/2576-5310\/CGP\/v10i02\/53-73","article-title":"Exploring terms used for the oldest old in the gerontological literature","volume":"10","author":"Kydd","year":"2020","journal-title":"| J. Aging Soc. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279593","article-title":"Spatiotemporal gait patterns in individuals with unilateral transfemoral amputation: a hierarchical cluster analysis","volume":"17","author":"Ichimura","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2009.05.010","article-title":"Crouch gait patterns defined using k-means cluster analysis are related to underlying clinical pathology","volume":"30","author":"Rozumalski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681000400511","article-title":"A new classification of diabetic gait pattern based on cluster analysis of biomechanical data","volume":"4","author":"Sawacha","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2008.08.004","article-title":"Cluster analysis to classify gait alterations in rheumatoid arthritis using peak pressure curves","volume":"29","author":"Giacomozzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(02)00165-0","article-title":"Use of cluster analysis for gait pattern classification of patients in the early and late recovery phases following stroke","volume":"18","author":"Mulroy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(00)90038-8","article-title":"Gait pattern classification of healthy elderly men based on biomechanical data","volume":"81","author":"Watelain","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-05577-2","article-title":"Non-age-related gait kinematics and kinetics in the elderly","volume":"23","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01520","article-title":"Biomechanical consequences of scaling","volume":"208","author":"Biewener","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-6362(95)01057-2","article-title":"Scaling gait data to body size","volume":"4","author":"Hof","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2017.05.001","article-title":"Relationship between physical performance and self-reported function in healthy individuals across the lifespan","volume":"30","author":"Baldwin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Musculoskelet. Sci. Pr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2017-0156","article-title":"What are the similarities and differences between healthy people with and without pain?","volume":"18","author":"Baldwin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand. J. Pain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003466","article-title":"1000 norms project consortium, normative reference values for strength and flexibility of 1,000 children and adults","volume":"88","author":"McKay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib23","unstructured":"J. Richardson, M. Khan, A. Iezzi, K. Sinha, C. Mihalopoulos, H. Herrman, G. Hawthorne, I. Schweitzer, The AQoL-8D (PsyQoL) MAU Instrument: Overview September 2009, (2009)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB","article-title":"International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity","volume":"35","author":"Craig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980010000157","article-title":"The international physical activity questionnaire modified for the elderly: aspects of validity and feasibility","volume":"13","author":"Hurtig-Wennl\u00f6f","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(90)90042-2","article-title":"The mechanics of running: how does stiffness couple with speed?","volume":"23","author":"McMahon","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0021-8782.2004.00289.x","article-title":"Bipedal animals, and their differences from humans","volume":"204","author":"Alexander","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1983.tb04266.x","article-title":"A dynamic similarity hypothesis for the gaits of quadrupedal mammals","volume":"201","author":"Alexander","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3649","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.143719","article-title":"Light level impacts locomotor biomechanics in a secondarily diurnal gecko, rhoptropus afer","volume":"219","author":"Birn-Jeffery","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-022-04675-1","article-title":"Statistical power for cluster analysis","volume":"23","author":"Dalmaijer","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Bioinforma."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12811","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92353-2","article-title":"The application of principal component analysis to characterize gait and its association with falls in multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Monaghan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164496056005002","article-title":"Practical significance: a concept whose time has come","volume":"56","author":"Kirk","year":"1996","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib33","article-title":"Demystifying omega squared: practical guidance for effect size in common analysis of variance designs","author":"Kroes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2024.05.032","article-title":"Multivariate functional principal component analysis and k-means clustering to identify kinematic foot types during gait in children with cerebral palsy","volume":"113","author":"Dugan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104861","article-title":"Knee extensor muscle weakness is a risk factor for the development of knee osteoarthritis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis including 46 819 men and women","volume":"56","author":"\u00d8iestad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/26.1.15","article-title":"Comfortable and maximum walking speed of adults aged 20-79 years: reference values and determinants","volume":"26","author":"Bohannon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/18.5.327","article-title":"Factors affecting walking speed of elderly people","volume":"18","author":"Bendall","year":"1989","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-015-9830-9","article-title":"\u201cFeeling younger, walking faster\u201d: subjective age and walking speed in older adults","volume":"37","author":"Stephan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Age (Dordr. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-2409.2012.01042.x","article-title":"Subtyping ageism: policy issues in succession and consumption","volume":"7","author":"North","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Issues Policy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.13123","article-title":"Association of neurocognitive and physical function with gait speed in midlife","volume":"2","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/37.4.433","article-title":"Successful aging","volume":"37","author":"Rowe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610213002287","article-title":"Operational definitions of successful aging: a systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Cosco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-021-02037-0","article-title":"Physical activity as a determinant of successful aging: a narrative review article","volume":"34","author":"Szychowska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/42.6.727","article-title":"Successful aging and Well-Being: Self-Rated compared with rowe and kahn","volume":"42","author":"Strawbridge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.07.002","article-title":"Faster or longer steps: maintaining fast walking in older adults at risk for mobility disability","volume":"89","author":"Baudendistel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2011.06.002","article-title":"Human movement variability, nonlinear dynamics, and pathology: is there a connection?","volume":"30","author":"Stergiou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2022.04.022","article-title":"Gait variability between younger and older adults: an equality of variance analysis","volume":"95","author":"Kowalski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12679","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-17017-1","article-title":"Increased temporal stride variability contributes to impaired gait coordination after stroke","volume":"12","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10355-y","article-title":"Characterization of gait variability in multiple system atrophy and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"268","author":"Sidoroff","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-022-04266-4","article-title":"Muscle strength and osteoarthritis of the knee: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"52","author":"Patterson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Skelet. Radio."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-1487-2","article-title":"Reduced strength, poor balance and concern about falls mediate the relationship between knee pain and fall risk in older people","volume":"20","author":"Hicks","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2019.11.005","article-title":"The importance of lower-extremity muscle strength for lower-limb functional capacity in multiple sclerosis: systematic review","volume":"63","author":"Ramari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-021-00865-w","article-title":"The predictability of frailty associated with musculoskeletal deficits: a longitudinal study","volume":"109","author":"Tembo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01361-1","article-title":"Frailty and physical fitness in elderly people: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Navarrete-Villanueva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2010.08.007","article-title":"Step length appears to be a strong discriminant gait parameter for elderly females highly concerned about falls: a cross-sectional observational study","volume":"97","author":"Kirkwood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2670","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10122670","article-title":"Stride length predicts adverse clinical events in older adults: a systematic review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Byty\u00e7i","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."}],"container-title":["Gait &amp; Posture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0966636225006848?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0966636225006848?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T08:06:44Z","timestamp":1778573204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0966636225006848"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["S0966636225006848"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080","relation":{},"ISSN":["0966-6362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0966-6362","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Age is just a number: Clustering gait and functional measures","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Gait & Posture","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.08.080","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109962"}}