{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T03:24:49Z","timestamp":1772940289121,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gait & Posture"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:14:01Z","timestamp":1760220841000},"page":"110009","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Effects of step rate based gait training on running biomechanics: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3045-6140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dante D.","family":"Goss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Hertel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0359-y","article-title":"Meta-analyses of the effects of habitual running on indices of health in physically inactive adults","volume":"45","author":"Hespanhol Junior","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2021.04.001","article-title":"A systematic review of running-related musculoskeletal injuries in runners","volume":"10","author":"Kakouris","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01666-3","article-title":"Running-Related biomechanical risk factors for overuse injuries in distance runners: a systematic review considering injury specificity and the potentials for future research","volume":"52","author":"Willwacher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med. Auckl. NZ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000890","article-title":"Influence of step rate on shin injury and anterior knee pain in high school runners","volume":"48","author":"Luedke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465211063909","article-title":"Spatiotemporal and ground-reaction force characteristics as risk factors for running-related injury: a secondary analysis of a randomized trial including 800+ recreational runners","volume":"50","author":"Malisoux","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2010.3166","article-title":"Reducing impact loading during running with the use of real-time visual feedback","volume":"40","author":"Crowell","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13509","article-title":"Increased stride-rate in runners following an independent retraining program: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2014.962573","article-title":"The effect of a cadence retraining protocol on running biomechanics and efficiency: a pilot study","volume":"33","author":"Hafer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2022.10585","article-title":"The effectiveness of gait retraining on running kinematics, kinetics, performance, pain, and injury in distance runners: a systematic review with Meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Doyle","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-022-00504-0","article-title":"What is the effect of changing running step rate on injury, performance and biomechanics? A systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Anderson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib11","unstructured":"Excel, (2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib12","unstructured":"PEDro Scale, (1999). http:\/\/www.pedro.org.au\/english\/downloads\/pedro-scale\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(09)70043-1","article-title":"The PEDro scale is a valid measure of the methodological quality of clinical trials: a demographic study","volume":"55","author":"de Morton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust. J. Physiother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib14","unstructured":"Review Manager (RevMan), (2024). revman.cochrane.org."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","article-title":"Progressive statistics for studies in sports Medicine and exercise science","volume":"41","author":"Hopkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib16","article-title":"Changes in tibiofemoral contact forces during running in response to in-field gait retraining","author":"Willy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Independent effects of step length and foot strike pattern on tibiofemoral joint forces during running","volume":"35","author":"Bowersock","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181ebedf4","article-title":"Effects of step rate manipulation on joint mechanics during running","volume":"43","author":"Heiderscheit","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib19","article-title":"Effects of 12-week cadence retraining on impact peak, load rates and lower extremity biomechanics in running","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2018.05.018","article-title":"The effects & mechanisms of increasing running step rate: a feasibility study in a mixed-sex group of runners with patellofemoral pain","volume":"32","author":"Neal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096988","article-title":"Is combining gait retraining or an exercise programme with education better than education alone in treating runners with patellofemoral pain?a randomised clinical trial","volume":"52","author":"Esculier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.11.002","article-title":"Patellofemoral joint stress measured across three different running techniques","volume":"68","author":"Dos Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Using beat frequency in music to adjust running cadence in recreational runners: a randomized multiple baseline design","volume":"0","author":"te Brake","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2019.1664639","article-title":"Step length and grade effects on energy absorption and impact attenuation in running","volume":"20","author":"Baggaley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3406","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546519879693","article-title":"A 10% increase in step rate improves running kinematics and clinical outcomes in runners with patellofemoral pain at 4 weeks and 3 months","volume":"47","author":"Bramah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2019.01.006","article-title":"Effects of three gait retraining techniques in runners with patellofemoral pain","volume":"36","author":"dos Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2019.06.014","article-title":"Reducing vertical ground reaction forces: the relative importance of three gait retraining cues","volume":"69","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3406","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.125500","article-title":"Effects of stride frequency and foot position at landing on braking force, hip torque, impact peak force and the metabolic cost of running in humans","volume":"218","author":"Lieberman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002692","article-title":"Changing stride frequency alters average joint power and power distributions during ground contact and leg swing in running","volume":"53","author":"Swinnen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib30","first-page":"54","article-title":"The effect of step rate manipulation on foot strike pattern of long distance runners","volume":"11","author":"Allen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003206","article-title":"Step frequency training improves running economy in Well-Trained female runners","volume":"35","author":"Quinn","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.90909","article-title":"A one session gait retraining protocol with metronome augmentation increases cadence in novice and recreational runners","volume":"19","author":"Huber","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295645","article-title":"Effects of two gait retraining programs on pain, function, and lower limb kinematics in runners with patellofemoral pain: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"de Souza J\u00fanior","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000113684.61351.B0","article-title":"Reduced eccentric loading of the knee with the pose running method","volume":"36","author":"Arendse","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2019.1624812","article-title":"Running biomechanics before and after Pose\u00ae method gait retraining in distance runners","volume":"20","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-018-0043-7","article-title":"Rhythmic abilities and musical training in Parkinson\u2019s disease: do they help?","volume":"4","author":"Cochen De Cock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Npj Park. Dis."}],"container-title":["Gait & Posture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0966636225007362?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0966636225007362?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T10:14:31Z","timestamp":1772878471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0966636225007362"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["S0966636225007362"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0966-6362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0966-6362","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effects of step rate based gait training on running biomechanics: A systematic review and meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Gait & Posture","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110009"}}