{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T13:46:38Z","timestamp":1787060798809,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gait & Posture"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T07:40:08Z","timestamp":1761982808000},"page":"110026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Subgrouping non-specific low back pain based on spinal marker trajectory data: An unsupervised machine learning approach"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Hwa-Ik","family":"Yoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ui-Jae","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong-Gook","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9699-768X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oh-Yun","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7555.1430","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain","volume":"332","author":"Koes","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30970-9","article-title":"Non-specific low back pain","volume":"389","author":"Maher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(96)00172-8","article-title":"The biomechanics of low back injury: implications on current practice in industry and the clinic","volume":"30","author":"McGill","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2017.03.004","article-title":"Consistency of a lumbar movement pattern across functional activities in people with low back pain","volume":"44","author":"Marich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech. (Bristol)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzy044","article-title":"Immediate effects of a single session of motor skill training on the lumbar movement pattern during a functional activity in people with low back pain: a repeated-measures study","volume":"98","author":"Marich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.68024","article-title":"Effectiveness of spinal stabilization exercises on movement performance in adults with chronic low back pain","volume":"18","author":"Alkhathami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2024.111954","article-title":"Effect of low back pain on the kinetics and kinematics of the lumbar spine - a combined in vivo and in silico investigation","volume":"164","author":"Firouzabadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib8","series-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Movement Impairment Syndromes","author":"Sahrmann","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2005.07.001","article-title":"Diagnosis and classification of chronic low back pain disorders: Maladaptive movement and motor control impairments as underlying mechanism","volume":"10","author":"O\u2019Sullivan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Man. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-017-5217-1","article-title":"Non-specific chronic low back pain: Differences in spinal kinematics in subgroups during functional tasks","volume":"27","author":"Hemming","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib11","first-page":"560","article-title":"The ratio of lumbar to hip motion during the trunk flexion in patients with mechanical chronic low back pain according to o\u2019sullivan classification system: a cross-sectional study","volume":"6","author":"Shahbazi Moheb Seraj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1472","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181ecd71c","article-title":"Back pain is associated with changes in loading pattern throughout forward and backward bending","volume":"35","author":"Shum","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000192636.69129.fb","article-title":"Mechanical load of the lumbar spine during forward bending motion of the trunk-a biomechanical study","volume":"31","author":"Takahashi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-018-2233-1","article-title":"Subgroups of lumbo-pelvic flexion kinematics are present in people with and without persistent low back pain","volume":"19","author":"Laird","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2019.7917","article-title":"Motor control changes in low back pain: Divergence in presentations and mechanisms","volume":"49","author":"Van Die\u00ebn","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1139\/y91-102","article-title":"The pain-adaptation model: a discussion of the relationship between chronic musculoskeletal pain and motor activity","volume":"69","author":"Lund","year":"1991","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.10.020","article-title":"Moving differently in pain: a new theory to explain the adaptation to pain","volume":"152","author":"Hodges","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-024-07485-z","article-title":"Unsupervised machine learning for clustering forward head posture, protraction and retraction movement patterns based on craniocervical angle data in individuals with nonspecific neck pain","volume":"25","author":"Hwang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2004.03.004","article-title":"Effects of low back pain on the relationship between the movements of the lumbar spine and hip","volume":"23","author":"Wong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/76.8.836","article-title":"The effect of hamstring muscle stretching on standing posture and on lumbar and hip motions during forward bending","volume":"76","author":"Li","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.09.018","article-title":"Relationships between trunk muscle activation and thoraco-lumbar kinematics in non-specific chronic low back pain subgroups during a forward bending task","volume":"107","author":"Hemming","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.29273\/jmst.2024.8.2.74","article-title":"Comparing K-means clustering and Youden\u2019s J statistic for determining Y-balance test cut-off values for classifying chronic ankle instability in logistics workers with a history of ankle lateral sprains","volume":"8","author":"Hwang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Musculoskelet. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198303000-00004","article-title":"A study of the natural history of back pain. Part I: development of a reliable and sensitive measure of disability in low-back pain","volume":"8","author":"Roland","year":"1983","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2011.04.006","article-title":"Palpatory accuracy of lumbar spinous processes using multiple bony landmarks","volume":"34","author":"Snider","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Manip. Physiol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4236\/oalib.1101916","article-title":"Reliability of kinovea computer program in measuring cervical range of motion in sagittal plane","volume":"2","author":"Elwardany","year":"2015","journal-title":"OALib"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216448","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Kinovea program in obtaining angles and distances using coordinates in 4 perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Puig-Div\u00ed","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-017-1515-3","article-title":"The effects of bending speed on the lumbo-pelvic kinematics and movement pattern during forward bending in people with and without low back pain","volume":"18","author":"Tsang","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199601010-00017","article-title":"Analysis of lumbar spine and hip motion during forward bending in subjects with and without a history of low back pain","volume":"21","author":"Esola","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198906000-00007","article-title":"Variation in lumbar sagittal mobility with low-back trouble","volume":"14","author":"Burton","year":"1989","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0427(87)90125-7","article-title":"Silhouettes: a graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of cluster analysis","volume":"20","author":"Rousseeuw","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Comput. Appl. Math."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2006.12.021","article-title":"Symmetry of timing of hip and lumbopelvic rotation motion in 2 different subgroups of people with low back pain","volume":"88","author":"Van Dillen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2011.12.007","article-title":"Differences in end-range lumbar flexion during slumped sitting and forward bending between low back pain subgroups and genders","volume":"17","author":"Hoffman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Man. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318291b502","article-title":"Comparison of lumbopelvic rhythm and flexion-relaxation response between 2 different low back pain subtypes","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.3390\/s24072127","article-title":"Assessment of spinal and pelvic kinematics using inertial measurement units in clinical subgroups of persistent non-specific low back pain","volume":"24","author":"Sheeran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-6362(96)82849-9","article-title":"Human balance and posture control during standing and walking","volume":"3","author":"Winter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gait Posture"}],"container-title":["Gait & Posture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0966636225007532?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0966636225007532?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T12:24:23Z","timestamp":1765283063000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0966636225007532"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["S0966636225007532"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026","relation":{},"ISSN":["0966-6362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0966-6362","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Subgrouping non-specific low back pain based on spinal marker trajectory data: An unsupervised machine learning approach","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Gait & Posture","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110026","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110026"}}