{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:15:57Z","timestamp":1790399757699,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,15]],"date-time":"2026-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1794700800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":287,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 HD106133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 HD106133"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000890","name":"National Multiple Sclerosis Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MB-2017\\u201338295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MB-2017\\u201338295"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000890","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000890","name":"National Multiple Sclerosis Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG-2111\\u201338718"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-2111\\u201338718"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000890","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gait &amp; Posture"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T09:42:04Z","timestamp":1762767724000},"page":"110048","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Backward walking as a mobility assessment and exercise intervention for persons with neurologic disorders: A scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"VanNostrand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick G.","family":"Monaghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora E.","family":"Fritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.2174\/13816128113196660687","article-title":"Approaching neurological diseases to reduce mobility limitations in older persons","volume":"20","author":"Lauretani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2022-042","article-title":"An exploratory study of community mobility in adults with multiple sclerosis across different ambulation levels","volume":"25","author":"Giroux","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. MS Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2020-014","article-title":"Falls in people with multiple sclerosis: risk identification, intervention, and future directions","volume":"22","author":"Coote","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. MS Care"},{"issue":"6997","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.6997.83","article-title":"Incidence and consequences of falls due to stroke: a systematic inquiry","volume":"311","author":"Forster","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.72.6.721","article-title":"Incidence and prediction of falls in Parkinson's disease: a prospective multidisciplinary study","volume":"72","author":"Wood","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101909","article-title":"Falls in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"45","author":"Brotherton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280701191891","article-title":"Measuring participation in people living with multiple sclerosis: a comparison of self-reported frequency, importance and self-efficacy","volume":"30","author":"Yorkston","year":"2008","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20100380","article-title":"Understanding falls in multiple sclerosis: association of mobility status, concerns about falling, and accumulated impairments","volume":"92","author":"Matsuda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215517748714","article-title":"The ability of clinical balance measures to identify falls risk in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Quinn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215513517575","article-title":"A systematic review of factors associated with accidental falls in people with multiple sclerosis: a meta-analytic approach","volume":"28","author":"Giann\u00ec","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib11","article-title":"Predicting falls in people with multiple sclerosis: fall history is as accurate as more complex measures","author":"Cameron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Int 2013"},{"issue":"Q3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2023-091","article-title":"Measurement properties of backward walking and its sensitivity and feasibility in predicting falls in people with multiple sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Monaghan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J. MS Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.09.022","article-title":"Backward walking measures are sensitive to age-related changes in mobility and balance","volume":"37","author":"Fritz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22330","article-title":"Backward walking in Parkinson's disease","volume":"24","author":"Hackney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102390","article-title":"Backward walking sensitively detects fallers in persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"45","author":"Edwards","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2021-130","article-title":"Examining the influence of cognition on the relationship between backward walking and falls in persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"25","author":"Edwards","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. MS Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib17","article-title":"Examination of proprioceptive reliance during backward walking in individuals with multiple sclerosis","author":"VanNostrand","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Phys. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000000","article-title":"Steps forward in understanding backward gait: from basic circuits to rehabilitation","volume":"42","author":"Hoogkamer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1995.22.3.95","article-title":"Backward walking at three levels of treadmill inclination: an electromyographic and kinematic analysis","volume":"22","author":"Cipriani","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199401000-00015","article-title":"Comparison of cardiopulmonary responses to forward and backward walking and running","volume":"26","author":"Flynn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-130958","article-title":"Relationship between lower extremity isometric muscle strength and standing balance in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Citaker","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2011.02.004","article-title":"Relationship between muscular strength, gait and postural parameters in multiple sclerosis","volume":"54","author":"Yahia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-010-0128-0","article-title":"Postural control in multiple sclerosis: implications for fall prevention","volume":"10","author":"Cameron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028021","article-title":"Mobility, balance and falls in persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Sosnoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2024.02.018","article-title":"Measurement properties of the backward walk test in people with balance and mobility deficits: A systematic review","volume":"110","author":"Hao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105556","article-title":"Backwards walking speed reserve in persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"85","author":"Monaghan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.3390\/s25061780","article-title":"Predicting real-world physical activity in multiple sclerosis: an integrated approach using clinical, sensor-based, and self-reported measures","volume":"25","author":"Monaghan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib28","article-title":"Effectiveness of backward walking for people affected by stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"99","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. (Baltim. )"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2016.1206155","article-title":"The effects of backward walking training on balance and mobility in an individual with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury: a case report","volume":"32","author":"Foster","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiother. Theory Pr."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2022-010","article-title":"Effect of backward and forward walking on lower limb strength, balance, and gait in multiple sclerosi a randomized feasibility trial","volume":"25","author":"DelMastro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. MS Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104961","article-title":"Effects of backward walking training on balance, gait, and functional mobility in people with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled study","volume":"79","author":"Soke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000020731","article-title":"Effectiveness of backward walking for people affected by stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"99","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.08.019","article-title":"Backward compared to forward over ground gait retraining have additional benefits for gait in individuals with mild to moderate Parkinson\u2019s disease: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"58","author":"Grobbelaar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.05.018","article-title":"Systematic review: the effectiveness of interventions to reduce falls and improve balance in adults with multiple sclerosis","volume":"96","author":"Gunn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med Rehabil."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103532","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the 3-meter backward walk test in mildly disabled persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"58","author":"Bilek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib37","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the 3-meter backward walk test in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"63","author":"Kirmaci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0000000000000530","article-title":"The 3-m backward walk test: reliability and validity in ambulant people with multiple sclerosis","volume":"45","author":"S\u00f6ke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Rehabil. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15070936","article-title":"Backward walking as a marker of mobility and disability in multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional analysis","volume":"15","author":"Sefero\u011flu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Psychometric properties of 3-meter backward walk test (3MBWT) in people with Parkinson disease","author":"Barta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physiother. Theory Pract."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0000000000000091","article-title":"Multidirectional walk test in individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a validity study","volume":"38","author":"Bryant","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Rehabil. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-023-03384-9","article-title":"The reliability and validity of the 3-m backward walk test in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"192","author":"Kocer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Irish J. Med. Sci. (1971)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib43","article-title":"The 3-Meter Backward Walk Test (3MBWT): reliability and validity in individuals with subacute and chronic stroke","author":"DeMark","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiother. Theory Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3020","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11233020","article-title":"Concurrent validity and test\u2013retest reliability of the 3-meter backward walk test in stroke survivors","author":"Kapan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib45","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the 3-meter backward walk test in individuals with stroke","volume":"30","author":"Kocaman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib46","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparison of psychometric properties of the dual-task timed up-and-go test (cognitive) and the 3-m walk backward test in community-dwelling stroke patients","author":"Ta\u015fvuran Horata","year":"2024","journal-title":"Top. Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib47","article-title":"Backward walking and dual-task assessment improve identification of gait impairments and fall risk in individuals with MS","volume":"2020","author":"Edwards","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib48","article-title":"Effects of walking direction and cognitive challenges on gait in persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"2013","author":"Wajda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1097\/TGR.0000000000000272","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of the 3-meter backward walk test in persons with Parkinson disease","volume":"36","author":"Carter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Top. Geriatr. Rehabil."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib50","article-title":"Should one measure balance or gait to best predict falls among people with Parkinson disease?","volume":"2012","author":"Duncan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Park. \u2019S. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2022.0299","article-title":"Association between baseline gait parameters and future fall risk in patients with de novo Parkinson\u2019s disease: forward versus backward gait","volume":"20","author":"Kwon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurol. (Seoul. Korea)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-017-0021-3","article-title":"Predictive ability of functional tests for postural instability and gait difficulty in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Bryant","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.08.005","article-title":"Forward and backward walking in Parkinson disease: a factor analysis","volume":"74","author":"Gilmore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22330","article-title":"Backward walking in Parkinson's disease, Movement disorders: official journal of the Movement","volume":"24","author":"Hackney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Disord. Soc."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2019.15.4.473","article-title":"Backward gait is associated with motor symptoms and fear of falling in patients with de novo Parkinson's disease","volume":"15","author":"Kwon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurol. (Seoul. Korea)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.22045","article-title":"Association between gait and dysautonomia in patients with De Novo Parkinson\u2019s disease: forward gait versus backward gait","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2022.03.009","article-title":"Turning reveals the characteristics of gait freezing better than walking forward and backward in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"94","author":"Son","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2238","article-title":"Low to moderate relationships between gait and postural responses in Parkinson disease","volume":"49","author":"Sutter","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2019.1609182","article-title":"Assessment of backward walking unmasks mobility impairments in post-stroke community ambulators","volume":"26","author":"Hawkins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Top. Stroke Rehabil."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.29.187","article-title":"Comparison of forward walking and backward walking in stroke hemiplegia patients focusing on the paretic side","volume":"29","author":"Makino","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/JNN.0000000000000686","article-title":"Study on the cutoff value of backward walking speed to distinguish the mobility deficits of stroke patients","volume":"55","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Nurs."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2019-022","article-title":"Safety, feasibility, and efficacy of an eccentric exercise intervention in people with multiple sclerosis with ankle contractures","volume":"23","author":"Psarakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. MS Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104961","article-title":"Effects of backward walking training on balance, gait, and functional mobility in people with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled study","volume":"79","author":"Soke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2005-20305","article-title":"Gait and step training to reduce falls in Parkinson's disease","volume":"20","author":"Protas","year":"2005","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.800757","article-title":"Serial backward locomotor treadmill training improves bidirectional walking performance in chronic stroke","volume":"13","author":"Awosika","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12020133","article-title":"Backward locomotor treadmill training differentially improves walking performance across stroke walking impairment levels","volume":"12","author":"Awosika","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa045","article-title":"Backward locomotor treadmill training combined with transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation in stroke: a randomized pilot feasibility and safety study","volume":"2","author":"Awosika","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2023.111644","article-title":"The influence of backward versus forward locomotor training on gait speed and balance control post-stroke: Recovery or compensation?","volume":"155","author":"Bansal","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052376","article-title":"The effect of walking backward on a treadmill on balance, speed of walking and cardiopulmonary fitness for patients with chronic stroke: a pilot study","volume":"18","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib70","first-page":"13","article-title":"An experimental study to analyze the efficacy of backwards gait training on balance and weight bearing asymmetry on sub-acute stroke patient","volume":"17","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Natl. Editor. Board"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2019.1641011","article-title":"Clinical application of backward walking training to improve walking function, balance, and fall-risk in acute stroke: a case series","volume":"26","author":"DeMark","year":"2019","journal-title":"Top. Stroke Rehabil."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib72","first-page":"28","article-title":"Effect of backward walking training on gait parameters of stroke patients","volume":"13","author":"Kale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exec. Ed."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib73","article-title":"Effectiveness of Backward Walking in the Gait Performance of Stroke Patients","volume":"13","author":"Kalidasan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.22159\/ijcpr.2023v15i4.3044","article-title":"Effectiveness of supplemented backward walking training along with conventional therapy on balance and functional outcome in patients with stroke","volume":"15","author":"Kalyana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib75","article-title":"A study on the effect of additional backward walking training on balance and functional outcomes in patients with stroke","author":"Kalyana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Pharm. Res. 15(4"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000541","article-title":"Comparison of the effect of lateral and backward walking training on walking function in patients with poststroke hemiplegia: a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"96","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.26.1923","article-title":"Effects of progressive body weight support treadmill forward and backward walking training on stroke patients\u2019 affected side lower extremity\u2019s walking ability","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-160720","article-title":"Effects of progressive backward body weight suppoted treadmill training on gait ability in chronic stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Technol. Health care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-203067","article-title":"Combined effects of backward treadmill training and botulinum toxin type A therapy on gait and balance in patients with chronic stroke: A pilot, single-blind, randomized controlled trial","volume":"46","author":"Munari","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0000000000000210","article-title":"A backward walking training program to improve balance and mobility in acute stroke: a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"42","author":"Rose","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Phys. Ther."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4103\/ijoth.ijoth_11_21","article-title":"Effect of backward walking and side walking training on walking speed and endurance in patients with stroke: an experimental randomized controlled study","volume":"53","author":"Sethy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Occup. Ther."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.22.177","article-title":"Effects of partial body weight support while training acute stroke patients to walk backwards on a treadmill -a controlled clinical trial using randomized allocation","volume":"22","author":"Takami","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215505cr860oa","article-title":"Gait outcomes after additional backward walking training in patients with stroke: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib84","first-page":"9","article-title":"The effect of backward walking observational training on gait parameters and balance in chronic stroke: randomized controlled study","volume":"58","author":"Yiyeop","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2016.1206155","article-title":"The effects of backward walking training on balance and mobility in an individual with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury: a case report","volume":"32","author":"Foster","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiother. Theory Pract."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3109\/09593985.2013.798845","article-title":"Comparison of forward versus backward walking using body weight supported treadmill training in an individual with a spinal cord injury: a single subject design","volume":"30","author":"Moriello","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiother. Theory Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082555","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1082555","article-title":"Case report: Backward gait training combined with gait-synchronized cerebellar transcranial alternating current stimulation in progressive supranuclear palsy","volume":"17","author":"Shima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Hum. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.23.07812-7","article-title":"Prefrontal hemodynamics during forward and backward walking, with and without a cognitive task, in people with multiple sclerosis","volume":"59","author":"Kupchenko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.706230","article-title":"Computerized dual-task testing of gait visuomotor and cognitive functions in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Test-retest reliability and validity","volume":"15","author":"Bhatt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Hum. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147833","article-title":"Reliability and validity of dual-task mobility assessments in people with chronic stroke","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.4103\/1947-2714.107527","article-title":"Retrowalking as an adjunct to conventional treatment versus conventional treatment alone on pain and disability in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic knee osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"5","author":"Gondhalekar","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Med Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1930","article-title":"Adaptation reveals independent control networks for human walking","volume":"10","author":"Choi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2024.04.018","article-title":"Information processing speed and disease severity predict real-world ambulation in persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"111","author":"VanNostrand","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00246","article-title":"Automaticity of walking: functional significance, mechanisms, measurement and rehabilitation strategies","volume":"9","author":"Clark","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Hum. Neurosci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4048","article-title":"The effect of fall biomechanics on risk for hip fracture in older adults: a cohort study of video-captured falls in long-term care","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2024.107621","article-title":"Study protocol of a randomized controlled trial comparing backward walking to forward walking training on balance in multiple sclerosis: the TRAIN-MS trial","volume":"144","author":"VanNostrand","year":"2024","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials"}],"container-title":["Gait &amp; Posture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0966636225007751?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0966636225007751?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T16:24:56Z","timestamp":1773332696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0966636225007751"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":96,"alternative-id":["S0966636225007751"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048","relation":{},"ISSN":["0966-6362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0966-6362","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Backward walking as a mobility assessment and exercise intervention for persons with neurologic disorders: A scoping review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Gait & Posture","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110048","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110048"}}