{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T13:11:00Z","timestamp":1773925860983,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2022\\u201304804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2022\\u201304804"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gait &amp; Posture"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T17:26:35Z","timestamp":1765473995000},"page":"110082","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Association between bone mineral density and ground reaction force in male and female runners"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"Maxwell D.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca L.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7636-3164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derek N.","family":"Pamukoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092190104","article-title":"Bone \u2018mass\u2019 and the \u2018mechanostat\u2019: a proposal","volume":"219","author":"Frost","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib2","first-page":"299","article-title":"How do bone cells sense mechanical loading?","volume":"44","author":"de Gusm\u00e3o","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. De. Ortop. (Engl. Ed. )"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevEukarGeneExpr.v19.i4.50","article-title":"Mechanical signaling for bone modeling and remodeling","volume":"19","author":"Robling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib4","series-title":"Bone Health and Osteoporosis: A Report of the Surgeon General","article-title":"Bone Health and Osteoporosis: A Report of the Surgeon General","author":"Carmona","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib5","first-page":"72","article-title":"Bone density at various sites for prediction of hip fractures","volume":"341","author":"Cummings","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib6","article-title":"Bone mineral density and hip structure changes over one-year in collegiate distance runners and non-athlete controls","volume":"14","author":"Infantino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-10-00322","article-title":"Females have a greater incidence of stress fractures than males in both military and athletic populations: a systemic review","volume":"176","author":"Wentz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2024.112245","article-title":"Sex differences in body composition and shock attenuation during running","volume":"173","author":"Desai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12335","article-title":"Impact of body mass index on biomechanics of recreational runners","volume":"12","author":"Vincent","year":"2020","journal-title":"PMR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib10","article-title":"Expanding the gap: an updated look into sex differences in running performance","volume":"12","author":"Hallam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(83)90005-2","article-title":"Variations in ground reaction force parameters at different running speeds","volume":"2","author":"Hamill","year":"1983","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.03.021","article-title":"Bones and the sex hormones","volume":"94","author":"Narla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1550-2783-5-7","article-title":"Gender impacts the post-exercise substrate and endocrine response in trained runners","volume":"5","author":"Vislocky","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.70252\/BPJD2691","article-title":"Relationship between ground reaction force characteristics and bone mineral density of the hip and spine in male runners","volume":"15","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Exerc Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200205001-00025","article-title":"Kinetic variables in subjects with previous lower extremity stress fractures","volume":"34","author":"Ferber","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-019-05001-x","article-title":"A case-control pilot study of stress fracture in adolescent girls: the discriminative ability of two imaging technologies to classify at-risk athletes","volume":"30","author":"Duckham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(84)90003-4","article-title":"Static vs dynamic loads as an influence on bone remodelling","volume":"17","author":"Lanyon","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.72B3.2341429","article-title":"Experimental stress fractures of the tibia. Biological and mechanical aetiology in rabbits","volume":"72-B","author":"Burr","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2013.10.002","article-title":"Bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion in chimpanzees","volume":"66","author":"Pontzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnae004","article-title":"Preclinical rodent models for human bone disease, including a focus on cortical bone","volume":"45","author":"Koh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1989.tb08655.x","article-title":"Ground reaction forces at different speeds of human walking and running","volume":"136","author":"Nilsson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib22","first-page":"175","article-title":"Wolff\u2019s Law and bone\u2019s structural adaptations to mechanical usage: an overview for clinicians","volume":"64","author":"Frost","year":"1994","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib23","first-page":"770","article-title":"Low bone mass and high bone turnover in male long distance runners","volume":"77","author":"Hetland","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/RMR.0b013e3180421c8c","article-title":"Stress fractures in athletes","volume":"17","author":"Fredericson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Top. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.70252\/BPJD2691","article-title":"Relationship between ground reaction force characteristics and bone mineral density of the hip and spine in male runners","volume":"15","author":"Leblanc","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Exerc Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15617","article-title":"A cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging study of factors influencing growth plate closure in adolescents and young adults","volume":"110","author":"Kvist","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib27","first-page":"405","article-title":"Muscle tissue changes with aging","volume":"7","author":"Volpi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(95)00370-3","article-title":"Aging and matrix microdamage accumulation in human compact bone","volume":"17","author":"Schaffler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2024.112025","article-title":"Association between fat and fat-free body mass indices on shock attenuation during running","volume":"165","author":"Liew","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2016.04.008","article-title":"Comparison of three methods for identifying the heelstrike transient during walking gait","volume":"38","author":"Blackburn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.09.104","article-title":"A kinematic method for footstrike pattern detection in barefoot and shod runners","volume":"35","author":"Altman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(97)00026-4","article-title":"Bone mass and bone turnover in power athletes, endurance athletes, and controls: A 12-month longitudinal study","volume":"20","author":"Bennell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1997.12.2.255","article-title":"High-impact exercise promotes bone gain in well-trained female athletes","volume":"12","author":"Taaffe","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib34","first-page":"220","article-title":"Influence of type of mechanical loading, menstrual status, and training season on bone density in young women athletes","volume":"18","author":"Bemben","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.24.3.288","article-title":"Effects of velocity and weight support on ground reaction forces and metabolic power during running","volume":"24","author":"Grabowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib36","article-title":"The effect of exercise intensity on bone in postmenopausal women (part 2): a meta-analysis","volume":"143","author":"Kistler-Fischbacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210000","article-title":"Ground reaction force metrics are not strongly correlated with tibial bone load when running across speeds and slopes: implications for science, sport and wearable tech","volume":"14","author":"Matijevich","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(03)00025-1","article-title":"Gender differences in lower extremity mechanics during running","volume":"18","author":"Ferber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000234","article-title":"Rearfoot and midfoot or forefoot impacts in habitually shod runners","volume":"46","author":"Boyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.04.037","article-title":"A comparison of the ground reaction force frequency content during rearfoot and non-rearfoot running patterns","volume":"56","author":"Gruber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.afos.2020.10.001","article-title":"Lean mass and peak bone mineral density","volume":"6","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Sarcopenia"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2022.2089803","article-title":"Running-induced fatigue and impact loading in runners: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Darch","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib43","first-page":"114","article-title":"Mechanical basis of bone strength: influence of bone material, bone structure and muscle action","volume":"17","author":"Hart","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Musculoskelet. Neuron Inter."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.5.1004S","article-title":"Muscle mass and strength: relation to function in population studies","volume":"127","author":"Harris","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199006000-00013","article-title":"Internal forces of chronic running injury sites","volume":"22","author":"Scott","year":"1990","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/235060","article-title":"Effect of GH\/IGF-1 on bone metabolism and osteoporsosis","volume":"2014","author":"Locatelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."}],"container-title":["Gait &amp; Posture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0966636225008094?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0966636225008094?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T09:33:42Z","timestamp":1773912822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0966636225008094"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S0966636225008094"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082","relation":{},"ISSN":["0966-6362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0966-6362","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Association between bone mineral density and ground reaction force in male and female runners","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Gait & Posture","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.110082","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110082"}}