{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:48:21Z","timestamp":1787237301574,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006124","name":"National Institute of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006124","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019564","name":"Nanyang Technological University National Institute of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RI 4\/21 CJY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RI 4\/21 CJY"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gait & Posture"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T16:27:49Z","timestamp":1768580869000},"page":"110099","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Recovery from perturbation is highly individual and similar between different perturbation types and metrics: A dynamical systems perspective of flexibility in walking gait"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"J.R. Lawrence","family":"Kwek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Komar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genevieve K.R.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia Yi","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1961.13.2.163","article-title":"Skill = speed \u00d7 accuracy \u00d7 form \u00d7 adaptability","volume":"13","author":"Johnson","year":"1961","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skills"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.02018","article-title":"Repetition without repetition: challenges in understanding behavioral flexibility in motor skill","volume":"11","author":"Ranganathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib3","series-title":"Innovative analyses of human movement","first-page":"93","article-title":"Applied dynamic systems theory for the analysis of movement","author":"Kurz","year":"2004"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2010.12.003","article-title":"Inter-individual variability in the upper-lower limb breaststroke coordination","volume":"30","author":"Seifert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1596-1","article-title":"Variability in motor learning: relocating, channeling and reducing noise","volume":"193","author":"Cohen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/14763140701682983","article-title":"Coordination variability and skill development in expert triple jumpers","volume":"7","author":"Wilson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2003.10.029","article-title":"Bimanual coordination involving homologous and heterologous joint combinations: when lower stability is associated with higher flexibility","volume":"152","author":"Levin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"issue":"1591","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0351","article-title":"Multistability and metastability: understanding dynamic coordination in the brain","volume":"367","author":"Kelso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib9","first-page":"S13","article-title":"Biomechanics of human movement and its clinical applications","volume":"28","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.2024","article-title":"The patient who falls: \"It's always a trade-off\"","volume":"303","author":"Tinetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200007000-00003","article-title":"Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome: exploring the paradigm of complex nonlinear systems","volume":"28","author":"Seely","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13763","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.231499798","article-title":"Degeneracy and complexity in biological systems","volume":"98","author":"Edelman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"83","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20120999","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2012.0999","article-title":"Assessing the stability of human locomotion: a review of current measures","volume":"10","author":"Bruijn","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2020.102673","article-title":"Changes in coordination and variability during running as a function of head stability demands","volume":"73","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2010.11.012","article-title":"Low back pain status affects pelvis-trunk coordination and variability during walking and running","volume":"26","author":"Seay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Kinematic and coordination variability in individuals with acute and chronic patellofemoral pain","author":"Fox","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.05.015","article-title":"Is the limit-cycle-attractor an (almost) invariable characteristic in human walking?","volume":"63","author":"Broscheid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2015.1005173","article-title":"The influence of lumbar extensor muscle fatigue on lumbar-pelvic coordination during weightlifting","volume":"58","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-9601(87)90038-7","article-title":"Nonequilibrium phase transition in coordinated biological motion: critical slowing down and switching time","volume":"123","author":"Kelso","year":"1987","journal-title":"Phys. Lett."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib20","article-title":"The effects of unexpected mechanical perturbations during treadmill walking on spatiotemporal gait parameters, and the dynamic stability measures by which to quantify postural response","volume":"13","author":"Mahdehkhaksar","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.01.004","article-title":"Comparison of the trunk-pelvis and lower extremities sagittal plane inter-segmental coordination and variability during walking in persons with and without chronic low back pain","volume":"52","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib22","first-page":"230","article-title":"How competitive swimmers adapt their inter-limb coordination to drag perturbation","author":"Seifert","year":"2014","journal-title":"XIIth Int. Symp Biomech. Med. Swim."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.newideapsych.2010.10.001","article-title":"Nonlinear pedagogy: Learning design for self-organizing neurobiological systems","volume":"29","author":"Chow","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Ideas Psychol."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9254","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239254","article-title":"Provoking artificial slips and trips towards perturbation-based balance training: a narrative review","volume":"22","author":"Ferreira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib25","series-title":"Dynamics of Skill Acquisition","author":"Button","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2024.1441022","article-title":"Does the short-term learning effect impact vertical jump performance assessment on a portable force plate system?","volume":"6","author":"Cabarkapa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Sports Act. Living"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1483-9","article-title":"Developmental changes in the dynamical structure of postural sway during a precision fitting task","volume":"190","author":"Haddad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.10.024","article-title":"Inter-segment coordination amplitude and variability during gait in patients with knee osteoarthritis and asymptomatic adults","volume":"107","author":"Robbins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.09.013","article-title":"The coordination of upper and lower limbs in curve-turning walking of healthy preschoolers: viewed in continuous relative phase","volume":"75","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2024.06.022","article-title":"Total ankle arthroplasty improves discrete and continuous stance phase gait symmetry","volume":"113","author":"Kugach","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.02.009","article-title":"Lower-limb coordination and variability during gait: the effects of age and walking surface","volume":"85","author":"Ippersiel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32839-8","article-title":"Lower extremity joint-level responses to pelvis perturbation during human walking","volume":"8","author":"Vlutters","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1080\/00336297.2005.10491845","article-title":"Variability and coordinative function in human gait","volume":"57","author":"Van Emmerik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Quest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.03.032","article-title":"Order error in the calculation of continuous relative phase","volume":"73","author":"Mehdizadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomech."}],"container-title":["Gait & Posture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S096663622600007X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S096663622600007X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T02:25:22Z","timestamp":1773973522000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S096663622600007X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["S096663622600007X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099","relation":{},"ISSN":["0966-6362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0966-6362","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Recovery from perturbation is highly individual and similar between different perturbation types and metrics: A dynamical systems perspective of flexibility in walking gait","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Gait & Posture","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110099","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110099"}}