{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T13:18:36Z","timestamp":1787923116521,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1232425N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1232425N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gait & Posture"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T15:42:34Z","timestamp":1780501354000},"page":"110237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Upper body kinematics during walking and their relationship to fall risk after stroke"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"130","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3039-4579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elissa","family":"Embrechts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Hallemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamaya","family":"Van Criekinge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.26.5.838","article-title":"Patient falls in stroke rehabilitation. A challenge to rehabilitation strategies","volume":"26","author":"Nyberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.27.3.415","article-title":"Complications after acute stroke","volume":"27","author":"Davenport","year":"1996","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2002.29623","article-title":"The incidence and consequences of falls in stroke patients during inpatient rehabilitation: factors associated with high risk","volume":"83","author":"Teasell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"issue":"6997","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.6997.83","article-title":"Incidence and consequences of falls due to stroke: a systematic inquiry","volume":"311","author":"Forster","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.509885","article-title":"Falls after stroke: results from the Auckland Regional Community Stroke (ARCOS) Study, 2002\u20132003","volume":"39","author":"Kerse","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2006.09.004","article-title":"Balance score and a history of falls in hospital predict recurrent falls in the 6 months following stroke rehabilitation","volume":"87","author":"Mackintosh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2012.00796.x","article-title":"Falls after Stroke","volume":"7","author":"Batchelor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2007.09.0145","article-title":"Falls in individuals with stroke","volume":"45","author":"Weerdesteyn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/26.4.261","article-title":"Circumstances and consequences of falls in independent community-dwelling older adults","volume":"26","author":"Berg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.910698","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Fall Risk Factors in Stroke Survivors: Towards Improved Assessment Platforms and Protocols","volume":"10","author":"Abdollahi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glp033","article-title":"Quantitative gait markers and incident fall risk in older adults","volume":"64","author":"Verghese","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.05.016","article-title":"Local dynamic stability and variability of gait are associated with fall history in elderly subjects","volume":"36","author":"Toebes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2017.04.007","article-title":"The role of the environment in falls among stroke survivors","volume":"72","author":"Wing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib14","author":"Van Criekinge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gait Trunk Perform. Stroke. A Biomech. Approach"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.11.020","article-title":"The trunk\u2019s contribution to postural control under challenging balance conditions","volume":"84","author":"Duchene","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.03.004","article-title":"Trunk biomechanics during hemiplegic gait after stroke: A systematic review","volume":"54","author":"Van Criekinge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215519830159","article-title":"The effectiveness of trunk training on trunk control, sitting and standing balance and mobility post-stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Van Criekinge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.28.194","article-title":"The effect of enhanced trunk control on balance and falls through bilateral upper extremity exercises among chronic stroke patients in a standing position","volume":"28","author":"Shin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2009.09.009","article-title":"Trunk muscle attributes are associated with balance and mobility in older adults: a pilot study","volume":"1","author":"Suri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pm R."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-023-02767-y","article-title":"A full-body motion capture gait dataset of 138 able-bodied adults across the life span and 50 stroke survivors","volume":"10","author":"Van Criekinge","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(91)90046-Z","article-title":"A gait analysis data collection and reduction technique","volume":"10","author":"Davis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Human. Mov. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100080310","article-title":"Measurement of lower extremity kinematics during level walking","volume":"8","author":"Kadaba","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.02.030","article-title":"Between-day reliability of three-dimensional motion analysis of the trunk: A comparison of marker based protocols","volume":"49","author":"Rast","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2008.09.003","article-title":"The reliability of three-dimensional kinematic gait measurements: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"McGinley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.08.021","article-title":"Reliability of head and trunk kinematics during gait in children with spastic diplegia","volume":"37","author":"Heyrman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0b013e318283ffcc","article-title":"Test-retest reliability and construct validity of the tinetti performance-oriented mobility assessment in people with stroke","volume":"37","author":"Canbek","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Phys. Ther."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215504cr733oa","article-title":"The Trunk Impairment Scale: a new tool to measure motor impairment of the trunk after stroke","volume":"18","author":"Verheyden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.06.764","article-title":"M. Predictive validity and responsiveness of the functional ambulation category in hemiparetic patients after stroke","volume":"88","author":"Mehrholz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib29","unstructured":"Vicon Nexus Reference Guide, 2024. Available from: https:\/\/help.vicon.com\/space\/Nexus212\/11242793\/Vicon+Nexus+Reference+Guide."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2020-0085","article-title":"Coordination of Axial Trunk Rotations During Gait in Low Back Pain. A Narrative Review","volume":"76","author":"van Die\u00ebn","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2007.05.017","article-title":"Coordination of leg swing, thorax rotations, and pelvis rotations during gait: the organisation of total body angular momentum","volume":"27","author":"Bruijn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gait &amp Posture"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1986.tb05480.x","article-title":"Performance-oriented assessment of mobility problems in elderly patients","volume":"34","author":"Tinetti","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2019.11.003","article-title":"Effect of preferred walking speed on the upper body range of motion and mechanical work during gait before and after spinal fusion for patients with idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"70","author":"Delpierre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech. (Bristol)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(95)00128-X","article-title":"Effects of walking velocity on relative phase dynamics in the trunk in human walking","volume":"29","author":"van Emmerik","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-023-01028-5","article-title":"Age- and sex-related differences in trunk kinematics during walking in able-bodied adults","volume":"46","author":"Van Criekinge","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.249307","article-title":"Understanding gait alterations: trunk flexion and its effects on walking neuromechanics","volume":"227","author":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Lisboa","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib37","article-title":"Posture alteration as a measure to accommodate uneven ground in able-bodied gait","volume":"12","author":"Amini-Aghdam","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0b013e31827374c1","article-title":"Deficits in Intersegmental Trunk Coordination During Walking Are Related to Clinical Balance and Gait Function in Chronic Stroke","volume":"36","author":"Hacmon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Phys. Ther."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.016873","article-title":"THE ROLE OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM IN WALKING","volume":"211","author":"Phillips","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2024.112474","article-title":"Whole body angular momentum characterizes reactive balance adaptations and perturbation intensity","volume":"179","author":"Adam","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.12.047","article-title":"Correlations between measures of dynamic balance in individuals with post-stroke hemiparesis","volume":"49","author":"Vistamehr","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.21.8.11","article-title":"Icy road ahead-rapid adjustments of gaze-gait interactions during perturbed naturalistic walking","volume":"21","author":"Kopiske","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2014.12.005","article-title":"Acquiring visual information for locomotion by older adults: A systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Uiga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2020.102676","article-title":"Keep your head down: Maintaining gait stability in challenging conditions","volume":"73","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Human. Mov. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.201556","article-title":"Gazing down increases standing and walking postural steadiness","volume":"8","author":"Koren","year":"2021","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(93)90027-C","article-title":"Control of whole body balance in the frontal plane during human walking","volume":"26","author":"MacKinnon","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/00222890109601902","article-title":"Horizontal plane head stabilization during locomotor tasks","volume":"33","author":"Cromwell","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2013.10.131","article-title":"Measuring verticality perception after stroke: Why and how?","volume":"44","author":"P\u00e9rennou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin. \/Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150754","article-title":"Verticality Perceptions Associate with Postural Control and Functionality in Stroke Patients","volume":"11","author":"Baggio","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1310\/tsr1405-46","article-title":"Fear of falling: an emerging issue after stroke","volume":"14","author":"Schmid","year":"2007","journal-title":"Top. Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2018.01.014","article-title":"An index to quantify deviations from normal trunk mobility: Clinical correlation and initial test of validity","volume":"52","author":"Delpierre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech. (Bristol)"},{"issue":"9234","key":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02695-7","article-title":"Screening older adults at risk of falling with the Tinetti balance scale","volume":"356","author":"Ra\u00eeche","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Gait & Posture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0966636226001475?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0966636226001475?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:21:25Z","timestamp":1787919685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0966636226001475"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S0966636226001475"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237","relation":{},"ISSN":["0966-6362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0966-6362","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Upper body kinematics during walking and their relationship to fall risk after stroke","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Gait & Posture","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2026.110237","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110237"}}