{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T23:03:12Z","timestamp":1782601392927,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,1]],"date-time":"2005-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1125532800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,1]],"date-time":"2005-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1125532800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jgisurgery.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,31]],"date-time":"2005-08-31T07:09:05Z","timestamp":1125472145000},"page":"992-1005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Current Management of Portal Hypertension"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Wright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Layton F.","family":"Rikkers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800600817","article-title":"Transection of the oesophagus for bleeding oesophageal varices","volume":"60","author":"Pugh","year":"1973","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840050313","article-title":"Portal pressure, presence of gastroesophageal varices and variceal bleeding","volume":"5","author":"Garcia-Tsao","year":"1985","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00420-8","article-title":"Incidence and natural history of small esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients","volume":"38","author":"Merli","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3566","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.03376.x","article-title":"Improved survival after variceal hemorrhage over an 11-year period in the Department of Veterans Affairs","volume":"95","author":"El Serag","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1040614","article-title":"Hemodynamic factors involved in the development and rupture of esophageal varices: A pathophysiologic approach to treatment","volume":"6","author":"Polio","year":"1986","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198810133191505","article-title":"Prediction of the first variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and esophageal varices: A prospective multicenter study. The North Italian Endoscopic Club for the Study and Treatment of Esophageal Varices","volume":"319","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250209","article-title":"Risk factors for hemorrhage from gastric fundal varices","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840160607","article-title":"Prevalence, classification and natural history of gastric varices: A long-term follow-up study in 568 portal hypertension patients","volume":"16","author":"Sarin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80320-7","article-title":"Updating consensus in portal hypertension: Report of the Baveno III Consensus Workshop on definitions, methodology and therapeutic strategies in portal hypertension","volume":"33","author":"de Franchis","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(21)00182-5","article-title":"Prevention of initial variceal hemorrhage","volume":"21","author":"Grace","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(81)90144-X","article-title":"The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage","volume":"80","author":"Graham","year":"1981","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(76)90098-2","article-title":"Life-threatening hemorrhage of the digestive tract in cirrhotic patients: An assessment of the postoperative mortality after emergency portacaval shunt","volume":"131","author":"Prandi","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(21)00179-5","article-title":"Why do varices bleed?","volume":"21","author":"de Franchis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"t-73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(82)80264-3","article-title":"Variceal hemorrhage: A critical evaluation of survival analysis","volume":"82","author":"Smith","year":"1982","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840080103","article-title":"Nadolol can prevent the first gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhotics: A prospective, randomized study","volume":"8","author":"Ideo","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840120624","article-title":"Preventive therapy of first gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis: Results of a controlled trial comparing propranolol, endoscopic sclerotherapy and placebo","volume":"12","author":"Andreani","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v113.pm9352866","article-title":"Effects of isosorbide-5-mononitrate compared with propranolol on first bleeding and long-term survival in cirrhosis","volume":"113","author":"Angelico","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05406-2","article-title":"Randomised trial of nadolol alone or with isosorbide mononitrate for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis. Gruppo-Triveneto per L'ipertensione portale (GTIP)","volume":"348","author":"Merkel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50211","article-title":"Spanish Variceal Bleeding Study Group. Propranolol plus placebo versus propranolol plus isosorbide-5-mononitrate in the prevention of a first variceal bleed: A double-blind RCT","volume":"37","author":"Garcia-Pagan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-70-4-675","article-title":"A controlled study of the prophylactic portacaval shunt: A final report","volume":"70","author":"Resnick","year":"1969","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-197201000-00002","article-title":"Prophylactic portacaval anastomosis","volume":"51","author":"Conn","year":"1972","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-197110000-00012","article-title":"A clinical investigation of the portacaval shunt. V. Survival analysis of the therapeutic operation","volume":"174","author":"Jackson","year":"1971","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-117-1-59","article-title":"Prevention of first bleeding in cirrhosis: A meta-analysis of randomized trials of nonsurgical treatment","volume":"117","author":"Pagliaro","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199106203242505","article-title":"Prophylactic sclerotherapy for esophageal varices in men with alcoholic liver disease: A randomized, single-blind, multicenter clinical trial. The Veterans Affairs Cooperative Variceal Sclerotherapy Group","volume":"324","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.23054","article-title":"A meta-analysis of endoscopic variceal ligation for primary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal bleeding","volume":"33","author":"Imperiale","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1080\/003655201750422701","article-title":"Recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) acutely normalizes prothrombin time in patients with cirrhosis during bleeding from oesophageal varices","volume":"36","author":"Ejlersen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002907","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis for cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding","author":"Soares-Weiser","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520310000690","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis of bacterial infections in cirrhotic inpatients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"38","author":"Soares-Weiser","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840220145","article-title":"The treatment of portal hypertension: A meta-analytic review","volume":"22","author":"D'Amico","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007131","article-title":"Endoscopic treatments for portal hypertension","volume":"19","author":"de Franchis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199206043262304","article-title":"Endoscopic sclerotherapy as compared with endoscopic ligation for bleeding esophageal varices","volume":"326","author":"Stiegmann","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840060314","article-title":"A randomized trial of vasopressin and vasopressin plus nitroglycerin in the control of acute variceal hemorrhage","volume":"6","author":"Gimson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90590-1","article-title":"A meta-analysis of somatostatin versus vasopressin in the management of acute esophageal variceal hemorrhage","volume":"109","author":"Imperiale","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840200216","article-title":"A prospective randomized trial comparing somatostatin and sclerotherapy in the treatment of acute variceal bleeding","volume":"20","author":"Planas","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1080\/003655200750024001","article-title":"Efficacy of octreotide and sclerotherapy in the treatment of acute variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients: A prospective, multicentric, and randomized clinical trial","volume":"35","author":"Bildozola","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300222","article-title":"Somatostatin alone or combined with emergency sclerotherapy in the treatment of acute esophageal variceal bleeding: A prospective randomized trial","volume":"30","author":"Villanueva","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510280507","article-title":"Octreotide compared with placebo in a treatment strategy for early rebleeding in cirrhosis: A double blind, randomized pragmatic trial","volume":"28","author":"D'Amico","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92840-5","article-title":"Prospective randomised study of effect of octreotide on rebleeding from oesophageal varices after endoscopic ligation","volume":"346","author":"Sung","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01308516","article-title":"Esophageal tamponade in the treatment of bleeding varices: A decadel progress report","volume":"25","author":"Chojkier","year":"1980","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199401203300303","article-title":"The transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt procedure for variceal bleeding","volume":"330","author":"Rossle","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.187.2.8475283","article-title":"Creation of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts with the wallstent endoprosthesis: Results in 100 patients","volume":"187","author":"LaBerge","year":"1993","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v111.pm8698192","article-title":"Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts for patients with active variceal hemorrhage unresponsive to sclerotherapy","volume":"111","author":"Sanyal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib43","first-page":"257","article-title":"Three decades of experience with emergency portacaval shunt for acutely bleeding esophageal varices in 400 unselected patients with cirrhosis of the liver","volume":"180","author":"Orloff","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib44","first-page":"510","article-title":"The natural history of varices","volume":"17","author":"Burroughs","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198412203112502","article-title":"Sclerotherapy after first variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis: A randomized multicenter trial. The Copenhagen Esophageal Varices Sclerotherapy Project","volume":"311","year":"1984","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.135.11.1315","article-title":"Variceal rebleeding and recurrence after endoscopic injection sclerotherapy: A prospective evaluation in 204 patients","volume":"135","author":"Krige","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-123-4-199508150-00007","article-title":"Endoscopic ligation compared with sclerotherapy for treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding: A meta-analysis","volume":"123","author":"Laine","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91668-Z","article-title":"Meta-analysis of value of propranolol in prevention of variceal haemorrhage","volume":"336","author":"Hayes","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa003223","article-title":"Endoscopic ligation compared with combined treatment with nadolol and isosorbide mononitrate to prevent recurrent variceal bleeding","volume":"345","author":"Villanueva","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1053\/he.2000.6779","article-title":"Predictive value of the variceal pressure response to continued pharmacological therapy in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension","volume":"31","author":"Escorsell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa003223","article-title":"Endoscopic ligation compared with combined treatment with nadolol and isosorbide mononitrate to prevent recurrent variceal bleeding","volume":"345","author":"Villanueva","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80585-9","article-title":"A prospective randomized study to evaluate propranolol in patients undergoing long-term endoscopic sclerotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Acharya","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300316","article-title":"Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt compared with endoscopic treatment for prevention of variceal rebleeding: A meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Papatheodoridis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v112.pm9041251","article-title":"The natural history of portal hypertension after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts","volume":"112","author":"Sanyal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290411","article-title":"Cost analysis for the prevention of variceal rebleeding: A comparison between transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and endoscopic sclerotherapy in a selected group of Italian cirrhotic patients","volume":"29","author":"Meddi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198309000-00009","article-title":"Hemodynamic differences between alcoholic and nonalcoholic cirrhotics following distal splenorenal shunt\u2014Effect on survival?","volume":"198","author":"Henderson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/1991\/19213","article-title":"Selective variceal decompression: Current status","volume":"5","author":"Jin","year":"1991","journal-title":"HPB Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198608000-00008","article-title":"A randomized trial for the study of the elective surgical treatment of portal hypertension in mansonic schistosomiasis","volume":"204","author":"da Silva","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840080638","article-title":"Is the distal splenorenal shunt better?","volume":"8","author":"Rikkers","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1155\/1994\/37406","article-title":"The role of the distal splenorenal shunt in the sclerotherapy era?","volume":"8","author":"Henderson","year":"1994","journal-title":"HPB Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80666-X","article-title":"Distal spleno-renal shunt versus endoscopic sclerotherapy in the prevention of variceal rebleeding: A meta-analysis of 4 randomized clinical trials","volume":"16","author":"Spina","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-112-4-262","article-title":"Endoscopic variceal sclerosis compared with distal splenorenal shunt to prevent recurrent variceal bleeding in cirrhosis: A prospective, randomized trial","volume":"112","author":"Henderson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(05)80400-3","article-title":"Shunt surgery versus endoscopic sclerotherapy for variceal hemorrhage: Late results of a randomized trial","volume":"165","author":"Rikkers","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00294403","article-title":"Narrow-diameter portacaval shunts for management of variceal bleeding","volume":"18","author":"Collins","year":"1994","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199404000-00005","article-title":"Partial versus total portacaval shunt in alcoholic cirrhosis: Results of a prospective, randomized clinical trial","volume":"219","author":"Sarfeh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(16)45088-7","article-title":"Small-diameter portacaval H-graft for variceal hemorrhage","volume":"70","author":"Rypins","year":"1990","journal-title":"Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/S1091-255X(00)80107-9","article-title":"Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt vs. small-diameter prosthetic H-graft portacaval shunt: Extended follow-up of an expanded randomized prospective trial","volume":"4","author":"Rosemurgy","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib69","first-page":"492","article-title":"Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus distal splenorenal shunt\u2014a comparative study","volume":"47","author":"Khaitiyar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290512","article-title":"Decision-analysis of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus distal splenorenal shunt for portal hypertension","volume":"29","author":"Zacks","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198909283211303","article-title":"A comparison of sclerotherapy with staple transection of the esophagus for the emergency control of bleeding from esophageal varices","volume":"321","author":"Burroughs","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00294404","article-title":"Sugiura procedure for management of variceal bleeding in Japan","volume":"18","author":"Idezuki","year":"1994","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/S1072-7515(01)00937-1","article-title":"Current indication of a modified Sugiura procedure in the management of variceal bleeding","volume":"193","author":"Selzner","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6060(96)80011-0","article-title":"Transabdominal esophagogastric devascularization as treatment for variceal hemorrhage","volume":"120","author":"Jin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199707000-00007","article-title":"Shunt surgery during the era of liver transplantation","volume":"226","author":"Rikkers","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840070124","article-title":"Compensated cirrhosis: Natural history and prognostic factors","volume":"7","author":"Gines","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib77","first-page":"164","article-title":"Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. Int Ascites Club","volume":"23","author":"Arroyo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90031-7","article-title":"Incidence, predictive factors, and prognosis of the hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis with ascites","volume":"105","author":"Gines","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007196","article-title":"Pathogenesis of ascites in cirrhosis","volume":"17","author":"Gines","year":"1997","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-197910000-00012","article-title":"Hemodynamic patterns in human hepatic cirrhosis: A prospective randomized study of the hemodynamic sequelae of distal splenorenal (Warren) and mesocaval shunts","volume":"190","author":"Reichle","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007195","article-title":"Historical aspects of treatment of patients with cirrhosis and ascites","volume":"17","author":"Runyon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(88)90691-9","article-title":"Randomized comparative study of therapeutic paracentesis with and without intravenous albumin in cirrhosis","volume":"94","author":"Gines","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib83","first-page":"371","article-title":"Patient selection is important in studying the impact of large-volume paracentesis on intravascular volume","volume":"92","author":"Runyon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199505043321803","article-title":"The transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt procedure for refractory ascites","volume":"332","author":"Ochs","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2003.50088","article-title":"North American Study for the Treatment of Refractory Ascites Group. The North American Study for the Treatment of Refractory Ascites","volume":"124","author":"Sanyal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199109193251201","article-title":"Paracentesis with intravenous infusion of albumin as compared with peritoneovenous shunting in cirrhosis with refractory ascites","volume":"325","author":"Gines","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000128309.36393.71","article-title":"TIPS versus peritoneovenous shunt in the treatment of medically intractable ascites: A prospective randomized trial","volume":"239","author":"Rosemurgy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Surg"}],"container-title":["Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1091255X04003737?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1091255X04003737?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T19:24:31Z","timestamp":1761074671000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1091255X04003737"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1091255X04003737"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028","relation":{},"ISSN":["1091-255X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1091-255X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Current Management of Portal Hypertension","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.028","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2005 The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}