{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T10:13:58Z","timestamp":1783678438959,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":106,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008893","name":"University of Iowa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008893","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017781","name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Indiana University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000133","name":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K08HS029195-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08HS029195-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000133","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ghadvances.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gastro Hep Advances"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T23:36:52Z","timestamp":1777073812000},"page":"100982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bilirubin-Driven Phenotype Identifies Higher Mortality Risk in Severe Alcohol-Associated Hepatitis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Tewodros T.","family":"Ayele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6139-8444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.06.018","article-title":"Heavy daily alcohol intake at the population level predicts the weight of alcohol in cirrhosis burden worldwide","volume":"65","author":"Stein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2207599","article-title":"Alcohol-associated hepatitis","volume":"387","author":"Bataller","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v3.i5.118","article-title":"Symptoms and signs of acute alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"3","author":"Basra","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.042","article-title":"Standard definitions and common data elements for clinical trials in patients with alcoholic hepatitis: recommendation from the NIAAA Alcoholic Hepatitis Consortia","volume":"150","author":"Crabb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.03.018","article-title":"EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of alcohol-related liver disease","volume":"69","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(78)90401-8","article-title":"Corticosteroid therapy of alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"75","author":"Maddrey","year":"1978","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.06.019","article-title":"Identification of optimal therapeutic window for steroid use in severe alcohol-associated hepatitis: a worldwide study","volume":"75","author":"Arab","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20503","article-title":"MELD accurately predicts mortality in patients with alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"41","author":"Dunn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001596","article-title":"The MELD score is superior to the Maddrey discriminant function score to predict short-term mortality in alcohol-associated hepatitis: a global study","volume":"117","author":"Morales-Arr\u00e1ez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.11.017","article-title":"Application of prognostic scores in the STOPAH trial: discriminant function is no longer the optimal scoring system in alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"68","author":"Forrest","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21607","article-title":"The Lille model: a new tool for therapeutic strategy in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis treated with steroids","volume":"45","author":"Louvet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.539","article-title":"A day-4 lille model predicts response to corticosteroids and mortality in severe alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"112","author":"Garcia-Saenz-de-Sicilia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15835","article-title":"Prothrombin time predicts steroid response in severe alcohol-related hepatitis","volume":"44","author":"Tarli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"9596","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"370","author":"von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2022.11.139","article-title":"K-means clustering algorithms: a comprehensive review, variants analysis, and advances in the era of big data","volume":"622","author":"Ikotun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0427(87)90125-7","article-title":"Silhouettes - a graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of cluster-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Rousseeuw","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Comput Appl Math"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.08.006","article-title":"Variation in intention-to-treat survival by MELD subtypes: all models created for end-stage liver disease are not equal","volume":"82","author":"Rosenstengle","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982_bib18","series-title":"Causal inference: what if","author":"Hernan","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-020-00947-7","article-title":"An evaluation of inverse probability weighting using the propensity score for baseline covariate adjustment in smaller population randomised controlled trials with a continuous outcome","volume":"20","author":"Raad","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asm096","article-title":"Predicting cumulative incidence probability by direct binomial regression","volume":"95","author":"Scheike","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982_bib21","first-page":"30","article-title":"Multiple imputation with multivariate imputation by chained equation (MICE) package","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.01.018","article-title":"A histologic scoring system for prognosis of patients with alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"146","author":"Altamirano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-308410","article-title":"Progenitor cell expansion and impaired hepatocyte regeneration in explanted livers from alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"64","author":"Dubuquoy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.099226","article-title":"The Glasgow alcoholic hepatitis score identifies patients who may benefit from corticosteroids","volume":"56","author":"Forrest","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2008.02104.x","article-title":"A new scoring system for prognostic stratification of patients with alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"103","author":"Dominguez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1105703","article-title":"Early liver transplantation for severe alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"365","author":"Mathurin","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.05.014","article-title":"Pentoxifylline vs. corticosteroid to treat severe alcoholic hepatitis: a randomised, non-inferiority, open trial","volume":"61","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.12.038","article-title":"Intensive enteral nutrition is ineffective for patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis treated with corticosteroids","volume":"150","author":"Moreno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.4902","article-title":"Effect of prophylactic antibiotics on mortality in severe alcohol-related hepatitis: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"329","author":"Louvet","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hep.2003.09.038","article-title":"Early change in bilirubin levels is an important prognostic factor in severe alcoholic hepatitis treated with prednisolone","volume":"38","author":"Mathurin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"}],"container-title":["Gastro Hep Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772572326001032?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772572326001032?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T09:23:22Z","timestamp":1783675402000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2772572326001032"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"alternative-id":["S2772572326001032"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982","relation":{},"ISSN":["2772-5723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2772-5723","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Bilirubin-Driven Phenotype Identifies Higher Mortality Risk in Severe Alcohol-Associated Hepatitis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Gastro Hep Advances","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100982","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Gastroenterological Association Institute.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100982"}}