{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T07:15:37Z","timestamp":1788246937275,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":120,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ghadvances.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gastro Hep Advances"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T09:31:55Z","timestamp":1778578315000},"page":"100993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evidence Supporting Utility of the Oral Cholate Challenge Test of Liver Function and Physiology to Aid Clinical Management: A Review of Analytical and Clinical Validation Studies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Andrew P.","family":"Keaveny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamran","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchell","family":"Shiffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy R.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. Rajender","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne C.","family":"Imperial","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2126-9442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael P.","family":"McRae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Touraj","family":"Shokati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0454-3566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory T.","family":"Everson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.500030210","article-title":"Quantitative liver function tests define the functional severity of liver disease in early-stage cirrhosis","volume":"3","author":"Shrestha","year":"1997","journal-title":"Liver Transpl Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib2","series-title":"Lea & Febinger book","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics: concepts and applications","author":"Rowland","year":"1995"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.11.048","article-title":"The emerging role of transport systems in liver function tests","volume":"675","author":"Stieger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(82)80078-4","article-title":"First-order clearance of plasma galactose: the effect of liver disease","volume":"83","author":"Henderson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1067\/msy.2000.104743","article-title":"The lidocaine (MEGX) test as an index of hepatic function: its clinical usefulness in liver surgery","volume":"127","author":"Ercolani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1963.tb36956.x","article-title":"Physiology of dye extraction by the liver: comparative studies of sulfobromophthalein and indocyanine green","volume":"111","author":"Leevy","year":"1963","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01296143","article-title":"Hepatic clearance of D-sorbitol","volume":"32","author":"Molino","year":"1987","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.21.2.123","article-title":"Plasma clearance of oral and intravenous cholic acid in subjects with and without chronic liver disease","volume":"21","author":"Gilmore","year":"1980","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(88)80024-6","article-title":"Steady-state extrarenal sorbitol clearance as a measure of hepatic plasma flow","volume":"95","author":"Zeeh","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1984.tb12305.x","article-title":"Noninvasive assessment in vivo of hepatic drug metabolism in health and disease","volume":"428","author":"Vesell","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2003.03007.x","article-title":"Inducibility of microsomal liver function may differentiate cirrhotic patients with maintained compared with severely compromised liver reserve","volume":"18","author":"Herold","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib12","first-page":"52","article-title":"Lidocaine elimination and MEGX formation after oral lidocaine administration - a practicable test for assessment of quantitative liver function","volume":"31","author":"Klinker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Z Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1988.140","article-title":"Hepatic clearances of antipyrine, indocyanine green, and galactose in normal subjects and in patients with chronic liver diseases","volume":"44","author":"Kawasaki","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24752","article-title":"Quantitative liver function tests improve the prediction of clinical outcomes in chronic hepatitis C: results from the hepatitis C antiviral long-term treatment against cirrhosis trial","volume":"55","author":"Everson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.1995.tb00380.x","article-title":"Quantitative tests of liver function","volume":"9","author":"Jalan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2002.01374.x","article-title":"Breath testing for human liver function assessment","volume":"16","author":"Armuzzi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070780","article-title":"Assessment of hepatic detoxification activity: proposal of an improved variant of the 13C-methacetin breath test","volume":"8","author":"Holzh\u00fctter","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9236(96)90001-6","article-title":"Antipyrine as a probe for human oxidative drug metabolism: identification of the cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyzing 4-hydroxyantipyrine, 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine, and norantipyrine formation","volume":"59","author":"Engel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-012-2340-z","article-title":"Clinical utility of 13C-liver-function breath tests for assessment of hepatic function","volume":"58","author":"Afolabi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib20","first-page":"47","article-title":"13C-breath tests in hepatology (cytosolic liver function)","volume":"8","author":"Perri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2010.02331.x","article-title":"13C-breath tests for clinical investigation of liver mitochondrial function","volume":"40","author":"Grattagliano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-020-02654-0","article-title":"A novel variant of the 13C-methacetin liver function breath test that eliminates the confounding effect of individual differences in systemic CO2 kinetics","volume":"94","author":"Holzh\u00fctter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000529","article-title":"13 C-methacetin breath test predicts survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing transarterial chemoembolization","volume":"13","author":"Gairing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Transl Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31783","article-title":"Prognostic value of the 13C-methacetin breath test in adults with acute liver failure and non-acetaminophen acute liver injury","volume":"74","author":"Fontana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11112957","article-title":"Exogenous Volatile Organic Compound (EVOC\u00ae) breath testing maximizes classification performance for subjects with cirrhosis and reveals signs of portal hypertension","volume":"11","author":"Ferrandino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.10.024","article-title":"Liver fat accumulation more than fibrosis causes early liver dynamic dysfunction in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"107","author":"Di Ciaula","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib27","article-title":"(13C)-Methacetin breath test provides evidence of subclinical liver dysfunction linked to fat storage but not lifestyle","volume":"3","author":"Molina-Molina","year":"2021","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib28","article-title":"Effects of MBOAT7 polymorphism and steatosis on liver function assessed by methacetin breath test","volume":"53","author":"Di Ciaula","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7702","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147702","article-title":"Mitochondria matter: systemic aspects of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diagnostic assessment of liver function by stable isotope dynamic breath tests","volume":"22","author":"Di Ciaula","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05808-5","article-title":"A pilot study for the prediction of liver function related scores using breath biomarkers and machine learning","volume":"12","author":"Patnaik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-080549","article-title":"Risk-stratified hepatocellular carcinoma screening according to the degree of obesity and progression to cirrhosis for diabetic patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in Japan: a cost-effectiveness study","volume":"14","author":"Kowada","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.18128","article-title":"Editorial: reading the cholate\u2014a new gateway to portal hypertension and oesophageal varices: authors' reply","volume":"60","author":"Hassanein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G797","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1995.268.5.G797","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a basolateral dicarboxylate\/cholate antiport system in rat hepatocytes","volume":"268","author":"Boelsterli","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1967.sp008172","article-title":"The influence of conjugation of cholic acid on its uptake and secretion: hepatic extraction of taurocholate and cholate in the dog","volume":"189","author":"O'M\u00e1ille","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)38702-2","article-title":"Steady-state kinetics of serum bile acids in healthy human subjects: single and dual isotope techniques using stable isotopes and mass spectrometry","volume":"28","author":"Everson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfae094","article-title":"A validated LC-MS\/MS assay for the quantification of cholate isotopes in human serum","volume":"9","author":"Helmke","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Appl Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120325","article-title":"Assessment of the performance of a dual-sample oral cholate challenge test: the HepQuant DuO test","volume":"574","author":"McRae","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Chim"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2022.08.002","article-title":"Compartmental model describing the physiological basis for the HepQuant SHUNT test","volume":"252","author":"McRae","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000167","article-title":"Noninvasive assessment of liver function","volume":"31","author":"Helmke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13980","article-title":"Advances in noninvasive measurement of liver function and physiology: the HepQuant DuO test","volume":"134","author":"McRae","year":"2024","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13786","article-title":"Within-individual reproducibility of a dual sample oral cholate challenge test (DuO) and other simplified versions of the HepQuant SHUNT test","volume":"17","author":"McRae","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/lci2.70027","article-title":"Initial clinical experience with the oral cholate challenge test: results from the 2023\u20132024 Early Access Program","volume":"6","author":"Gordon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Liver Int Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.18054","article-title":"Liver function and portal-systemic shunting quantified by the oral cholate challenge test and risk for large oesophageal varices","volume":"60","author":"Hassanein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15020501","article-title":"Utilization of the disease severity index (DSI) from the HepQuant DuO test enhances clinical decision making in compensated advanced chronic liver disease","volume":"15","author":"Whitaker","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.05.022","article-title":"Expanding consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno VI Consensus Workshop: stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension","volume":"63","author":"de Franchis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.12.022","article-title":"Baveno VII - renewing consensus in portal hypertension","volume":"76","author":"de Franchis","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03639.x","article-title":"The spectrum of hepatic functional impairment in compensated chronic hepatitis C: results from the Hepatitis C Anti-viral Long-term Treatment against Cirrhosis Trial","volume":"27","author":"Everson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03908.x","article-title":"Quantitative tests of liver function measure hepatic improvement after sustained virological response: results from the HALT-C trial","volume":"29","author":"Everson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2004.08.003","article-title":"Evolution of the HALT-C Trial: pegylated interferon as maintenance therapy for chronic hepatitis C in previous interferon nonresponders","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.18386","article-title":"Cholate shunt, oral cholate challenge and endoscopic lesions of portal hypertension: the SHUNT-V study","volume":"61","author":"Shiffman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.70116","article-title":"Letter: enhancing the diagnostic performance of the oral cholate challenge test: implications for avoidance of potentially unnecessary endoscopy","volume":"61","author":"Hassanein","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.21037\/tgh-25-133","article-title":"When should I repeat the endoscopy in my patient with compensated cirrhosis, whom I just scoped and who had no or small varices?","volume":"11","author":"Imperial","year":"2026","journal-title":"Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2025.100814","article-title":"Cholate clearance: improving the assessment of liver health compared to current liver tests (LFTs)","volume":"5","author":"Burton","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gastro Hep Adv"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2025.100785","article-title":"The cholate challenge test quantified baseline functional heterogeneity and improvement in response to resmetirom in MASH-related Child-Pugh A cirrhosis","volume":"4","author":"Alkhouri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gastro Hep Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2024.11.029","article-title":"Measuring the risk of clinical adverse events (RISK ACE) by quantifying liver function: a patient-centric model","volume":"132","author":"Kittelson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.05.024","article-title":"Hepatic venous pressure gradient predicts clinical decompensation in patients with compensated cirrhosis","volume":"133","author":"Ripoll","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib58","first-page":"265","article-title":"Preventing the progression of cirrhosis to decompensation and death","volume":"22","author":"Villanueva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31224","article-title":"Complications associated with anesthesia services in endoscopic procedures among patients with cirrhosis","volume":"72","author":"Lieber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21907","article-title":"Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis","volume":"46","author":"Garcia-Tsao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2013.07.023","article-title":"The role of endoscopy in the management of variceal hemorrhage","volume":"80","author":"Hwang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.04.006","article-title":"EASL-ALEH Clinical Practice Guidelines: non-invasive tests for evaluation of liver disease severity and prognosis","volume":"63","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.03.024","article-title":"EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis","volume":"69","author":"Angeli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.05.025","article-title":"EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on non-invasive tests for evaluation of liver disease severity and prognosis; 2021 update","volume":"75","author":"Berzigotti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.03.018","article-title":"EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of alcohol-related liver disease","volume":"69","author":"Thursz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-008-9096-8","article-title":"Primary prophylaxis of gastroesophageal variceal bleeding: consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver","volume":"2","author":"Sarin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000844","article-title":"AASLD Practice Guideline on noninvasive liver disease assessment of portal hypertension","volume":"81","author":"Sterling","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000647","article-title":"AASLD Practice Guidance on risk stratification and management of portal hypertension and varices in cirrhosis","volume":"79","author":"Kaplan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000994","article-title":"Noninvasive diagnosis of portal hypertension in patients with compensated advanced chronic liver disease","volume":"116","author":"Pons","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3324","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.2091","article-title":"Noninvasive predictors of clinically significant portal hypertension in NASH cirrhosis: validation of ANTICIPATE models and development of a lab-based model","volume":"6","author":"Rabiee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23425","article-title":"Pitfalls of liver stiffness measurement: a 5-year prospective study of 13,369 examinations","volume":"51","author":"Cast\u00e9ra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.04.030","article-title":"HepQuant SHUNT detects portal hypertension in early stages of clinically compensated chronic liver disease","volume":"20","author":"Wieland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.18113","article-title":"Editorial: reading the cholate - a new gateway to portal hypertension and oesophageal varices","volume":"60","author":"Minciuna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0313006","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of an oral cholate challenge test for the management of patients at risk for large esophageal varices","volume":"19","author":"Chavan","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.3265","article-title":"Hepatic dysfunction quantified by HepQuant DuO outperforms Child-Pugh classification in predicting the pharmacokinetics of ampreloxetine","volume":"116","author":"Kanodia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16283","article-title":"Predicting clinical decompensation in patients with cirrhosis using the HepQuant SHUNT test","volume":"53","author":"Fallahzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2024.07.005","article-title":"The oral cholate challenge test quantifies risk for liver-related clinical outcomes in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"3","author":"Helmke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastro Hep Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib78","article-title":"Hepatic cholate clearance as assessed by HepQuant-SHUNT is predictive of clinical outcomes in individuals with Fontan circulation","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol Congenit Heart Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.039479","article-title":"Alterations in liver perfusion in adults with Fontan circulation as assessed by dual cholate clearance","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1111\/chd.12831","article-title":"Assessing hepatic impairment in Fontan-associated liver disease using the HepQuant SHUNT test","volume":"14","author":"Lemmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Congenit Heart Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23744","article-title":"Outcome of sustained virological responders with histologically advanced chronic hepatitis C","volume":"52","author":"Morgan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(25)00311-3","article-title":"LBO-002 treatment with resmetirom for up to two years led to improvement in liver stiffness, fibrosis biomarkers, fibrosis scores and portal hypertension risk in 122 patients with compensated MASH cirrhosis","volume":"82","author":"Alkhouri","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.70036","article-title":"Rencofilstat treatment improves liver function in MASH with advanced fibrosis as quantified by HepQuant DuO","volume":"45","author":"Harrison","year":"2025","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1097\/LVT.0000000000000420","article-title":"Hepatic improvement within 27 days of avenciguat treatment in Child-Pugh A cirrhosis detected by an oral cholate challenge test","volume":"30","author":"Lawitz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15816","article-title":"Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of obeticholic acid in subjects with fibrosis or cirrhosis from NASH","volume":"44","author":"Alkhouri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib86","author":"O'Leary"},{"issue":"1S","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0618-8278(19)30006-4","article-title":"Positive results from REGENERATE: a phase 3 international, randomized, placebo-controlled study evaluating obeticholic acid treatment for NASH (GS-06)","volume":"70","author":"Younossi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"224","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib88","first-page":"52976","article-title":"Withdrawal of approval of new drug application for OCALIVA (obeticholic acid) tablets, 5 milligrams and 10 milligrams, and three abbreviated new drug applications for obeticholic acid tablets, 5 milligrams and 10 milligrams","volume":"90","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fed Regist"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000276","article-title":"Safety and pharmacokinetics of BI 685509, a soluble guanylyl cyclase activator, in patients with cirrhosis: a randomized Phase Ib study","volume":"7","author":"Lawitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000980","article-title":"HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) may preserve hepatic function and reduce portal-systemic shunting in compensated advanced chronic liver disease: results from the SHUNT-V study","volume":"17","author":"Rahimi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin Transl Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S735","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(25)01928-2","article-title":"The HepQuant DuO test finds linkage between liver blood flow, portal-systemic shunting and cardiac hemodynamics in Fontan- associated liver disease (Abstract SAT-355)","volume":"82","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1002\/ygh2.421","article-title":"Deterioration in liver function after liver-directed therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma measured by cholate clearance","volume":"2","author":"Hoteit","year":"2020","journal-title":"GastroHep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-04196-3","article-title":"Extra-corporeal liver cross-circulation using transgenic porcine xenografts with human brain-dead research donors","volume":"32","author":"Shaked","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Med"}],"container-title":["Gastro Hep Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772572326001147?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772572326001147?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T06:41:55Z","timestamp":1788244915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2772572326001147"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"alternative-id":["S2772572326001147"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993","relation":{},"ISSN":["2772-5723"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2772-5723","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Evidence Supporting Utility of the Oral Cholate Challenge Test of Liver Function and Physiology to Aid Clinical Management: A Review of Analytical and Clinical Validation Studies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Gastro Hep Advances","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gastha.2026.100993","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Gastroenterological Association Institute.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100993"}}