{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:47:46Z","timestamp":1772120866662,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gene"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T07:09:37Z","timestamp":1616051377000},"page":"145574","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Epidemiological transcriptomic data supports BCG protection in viral diseases including COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"783","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1306-1497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhay","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.12.010","article-title":"BCG vaccination protects against experimental viral infection in humans through the induction of cytokines associated with trained immunity","volume":"23","author":"Arts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"6508","key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6261","article-title":"Systems biological assessment of immunity to mild versus severe COVID-19 infection in humans","volume":"369","author":"Arunachalam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0015","article-title":"Disease severity-specific neutrophil signatures in blood transcriptomes stratify COVID-19 patients","volume":"13","author":"Aschenbrenner","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"W1","key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W147","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw419","article-title":"Heatmapper: Web-enabled heat mapping for all","volume":"44","author":"Babicki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"Database issue","key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0025","first-page":"D991","article-title":"NCBI GEO: archive for functional genomics data sets\u2013update","volume":"41","author":"Barrett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc1463","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc1463","article-title":"Mandated bacillus calmette-gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccination predicts flattened curves for the spread of COVID-19","volume":"6","author":"Berg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"Web Server issue","key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W305","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp427","article-title":"ToppGene Suite for gene list enrichment analysis and candidate gene prioritization","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.05.014","article-title":"BCG vaccination in humans elicits trained immunity via the hematopoietic progenitor compartment","volume":"28","author":"Cirovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"10236","key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31025-4","article-title":"Considering BCG vaccination to reduce the impact of COVID-19","volume":"395","author":"Curtis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201602-0220OC","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal microbiota, host transcriptome, and disease severity in children with respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"194","author":"de Steenhuijsen Piters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0111-5","article-title":"MOSAIC investigators, progression of whole-blood transcriptional signatures from interferon-induced to neutrophil-associated patterns in severe influenza","volume":"19","author":"Dunning","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"30","key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17720","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2008410117","article-title":"BCG vaccine protection from severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"117","author":"Escobar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.051","article-title":"Activate: Randomized clinical trial of BCG vaccination against infection in the elderly","volume":"183","author":"Giamarellos-Bourboulis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8189","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 rates in BCG-vaccinated and unvaccinated young adults","volume":"323","author":"Hamiel","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit348","article-title":"Transcriptomic profiling in childhood H1N1\/09 influenza reveals reduced expression of protein synthesis genes","volume":"208","author":"Herberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5422","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06757-11","article-title":"Plasticity and virus specificity of the airway epithelial cell immune response during respiratory virus infection","volume":"86","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.12.031","article-title":"BCG educates hematopoietic stem cells to generate protective innate immunity against tuberculosis","volume":"172","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.062","article-title":"M. tuberculosis reprograms hematopoietic stem cells to limit myelopoiesis and impair trained immunity","volume":"183","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00439","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00439-16","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of the recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine VPM1002 in HIV-unexposed newborn infants in south africa","volume":"24","author":"Loxton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu615","article-title":"Gene expression and cytokine profile correlate with mycobacterial growth in a human BCG challenge model","volume":"211","author":"Matsumiya","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001549","article-title":"Whole blood gene expression profiles to assess pathogenesis and disease severity in infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"10","author":"Mejias","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0110","article-title":"Safety and COVID-19 symptoms in individuals recently vaccinated with BCG: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"1","author":"Moorlag","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"aaf1098","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf1098","article-title":"Trained immunity: A program of innate immune memory in health and disease","volume":"352","author":"Netea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.042","article-title":"Trained immunity: A tool for reducing susceptibility to and the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"181","author":"Netea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0285-6","article-title":"Defining trained immunity and its role in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Netea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0337-y","article-title":"BCG-induced trained immunity: can it offer protection against COVID-19?","volume":"20","author":"O'Neill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.03.021","article-title":"A dynamic immune response shapes COVID-19 progression","volume":"27","author":"Ong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0140","article-title":"Phase II clinical trial for evaluation of BCG as potential therapy for COVID-19","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcibr2011679","article-title":"Trained innate immunity, epigenetics, and Covid-19","volume":"383","author":"Phimister","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-020-0325-9","article-title":"Could BCG be used to protect against COVID-19?","volume":"17","author":"Redelman-Sidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3422","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11249-y","article-title":"Neutrophils-related host factors associated with severe disease and fatality in patients with influenza infection","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"6472","key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaax9198","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax9198","article-title":"A genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of protein-coding genes in human blood cells","volume":"366","author":"Uhlen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-018-0490-8","article-title":"Mining data and metadata from the gene expression omnibus","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0944-y","article-title":"A single-cell atlas of the peripheral immune response in patients with severe COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Wilk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004869","article-title":"Host transcriptional response to influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections\u2013A prospective cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Zhai","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."}],"container-title":["Gene"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378111921001682?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378111921001682?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T16:40:50Z","timestamp":1759855250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378111921001682"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["S0378111921001682"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.11.10.374777","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0378-1119"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-1119","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Epidemiological transcriptomic data supports BCG protection in viral diseases including COVID-19","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Gene","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145574","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"145574"}}