{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T23:22:12Z","timestamp":1773876132382,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021856","name":"Ministero dell&apos;Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNC0000001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNC0000001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MUR-PNRR M4C2I1.3 PE6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MUR-PNRR M4C2I1.3 PE6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CUP H83C22000550006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP H83C22000550006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gene"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T16:40:55Z","timestamp":1764088855000},"page":"149919","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The role of 3D preclinical models in the Era of precision medicine: A bladder cancer perspective"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"979","author":[{"given":"Carlotta","family":"Frascolla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Mastroianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Simone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Blandino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00468-9","article-title":"Bladder cancer","volume":"9","author":"Dyrskj\u00f8t","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2023.03.029","article-title":"Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer in 2023: a Systematic Review of Risk Factors","volume":"84","author":"Jubber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. The global landscape of bladder cancer incidence and mortality in 2020 and projections to 2040. J. Glob. Health 13, 04109.","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.13.04109"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.08.037","article-title":"Gender and Bladder Cancer: a Collaborative Review of Etiology, Biology, and Outcomes","volume":"69","author":"Dobruch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00744-3","article-title":"Global trends in the epidemiology of bladder cancer: challenges for public health and clinical practice","volume":"20","author":"van Hoogstraten","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-076743","article-title":"Advances in diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer","volume":"384","author":"Lopez-Beltran","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1424293","article-title":"Deciphering the molecular heterogeneity of intermediate- and (very-)high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer using multi-layered -omics studies","volume":"14","author":"Akand","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0040","first-page":"85","article-title":"A Comparison between Clinical and Pathologic Staging in patients with Bladder Cancer","volume":"1","author":"Mehrsai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Urol. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.02.014","article-title":"Repeat Transurethral Resection in Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: a Systematic Review","volume":"73","author":"Cumberbatch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0050","first-page":"11536","article-title":"Advanced\/metastatic bladder cancer: current status and future directions","volume":"24","author":"Facchini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0055","first-page":"271","article-title":"Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2016","volume":"66","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.09.007","article-title":"Comprehensive Molecular Characterization of Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer","volume":"171","author":"Robertson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0065","article-title":"Recent advances in Immunotherapy for Bladder Cancer Treatment","volume":"17","author":"Alqarni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2021.02.007","article-title":"Preclinical models for bladder cancer research","volume":"35","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01419-2","article-title":"Patient-derived xenograft models in cancer therapy: technologies and applications","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2024.08.008","article-title":"Patient-derived Organoids in Bladder Cancer: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"11","author":"Radi\u0107","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, B., Du, C., Wang, M., Guo, J. & Liu, X. Organoids as preclinical models of human disease: progress and applications. Med. Rev. 4, 129\u2013153.","DOI":"10.1515\/mr-2023-0047"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2024.102226","article-title":"Patient-derived tumor organoids: a preclinical platform for personalized cancer therapy","volume":"51","author":"Taurin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-022-00174-y","article-title":"Organoids","volume":"2","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Primer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-022-00677-z","article-title":"Experimental in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models in prostate cancer research","volume":"20","author":"Sailer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5885","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.78997","article-title":"Recent advances in organotypic tissue slice cultures for anticancer drug development","volume":"18","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-0079-3","article-title":"Organs-on-chips: into the next decade","volume":"20","author":"Low","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-024-00872-0","article-title":"The evolving treatment landscape of metastatic urothelial cancer","volume":"21","author":"Roviello","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2023.102530","article-title":"Role of FGFR3 in bladder cancer: Treatment landscape and future challenges","volume":"115","author":"Ascione","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13231937","article-title":"Exploring the Immunoresponse in Bladder Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Ruiz-Lorente","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4448","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48480-1","article-title":"Immune features are associated with response to neoadjuvant chemo-immunotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer","volume":"15","author":"Beckabir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-023-00578-2","article-title":"Defining and using immune archetypes to classify and treat cancer","volume":"23","author":"Combes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0140","article-title":"Role of immunotherapy in bladder cancer","volume":"26","author":"Rhea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2022.2118606","article-title":"Immunotherapy for Bladder Cancer: latest advances and Ongoing Clinical Trials","volume":"51","author":"Ward Grados","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2309863","article-title":"Nivolumab plus Gemcitabine\u2013Cisplatin in Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma","volume":"389","author":"Van Der Heijden","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0155","article-title":"Immunotherapeutic strategies for invasive bladder cancer: a comprehensive review","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1758835919890285","article-title":"Targeted therapies for advanced bladder cancer: new strategies with FGFR inhibitors","volume":"11","author":"Casadei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Med. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(21)00660-4","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of erdafitinib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma: long-term follow-up of a phase 2 study","volume":"23","author":"Siefker-Radtke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-022-00864-3","article-title":"Molecular targeted therapy for anticancer treatment","volume":"54","author":"Min","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3181","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14133181","article-title":"Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy for Bladder Cancer","volume":"14","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12602","article-title":"FGFR3 alterations in bladder cancer: Sensitivity and resistance to targeted therapies","volume":"44","author":"Noeraparast","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2308849","article-title":"Erdafitinib or Chemotherapy in Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma","volume":"389","author":"Loriot","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S318332","article-title":"Clinical evidence and Selecting patients for Treatment with Erdafitinib in Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Sayegh","year":"2022","journal-title":"OncoTargets Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1258388","article-title":"Treatment approaches for FGFR-altered urothelial carcinoma: targeted therapies and immunotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Benjamin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0200","first-page":"1","article-title":"PD48-02 FIRST SAFETY AND EFFICACY RESULTS OF THE TAR-210 ERDAFITINIB INTRAVESICAL DELIVERY SYSTEM IN PATIENTS WITH NON\u2013MUSCLE-INVASIVE BLADDER CANCER WITH SELECT FGFR ALTERATIONS","volume":"1","author":"Vilaseca","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0205","first-page":"53","article-title":"MOONRISE-1: PHASE 3 STUDY OF TAR-210, AN ERDAFITINIB INTRAVESICAL TARGETED RELEASING SYSTEM, VERSUS INTRAVESICAL CHEMOTHERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH FGFR-ALTERED INTERMEDIATE-RISK NON\u2013MUSCLE-INVASIVE BLADDER CANCER","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol. Semin. Orig. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-024-00869-z","article-title":"FGFR-targeted therapeutics: clinical activity, mechanisms of resistance and new directions","volume":"21","author":"Katoh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16132420","article-title":"Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Urothelial Cancer: from Scientific Rationale to Clinical Development","volume":"16","author":"Kwon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11050803","article-title":"Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Urothelial Carcinoma: a New Therapeutic Opportunity moves from Bench to Bedside","volume":"11","author":"Ungaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2022.07.006","article-title":"Bladder Cancer Patient-derived Organoids and Avatars for Personalized Cancer Discovery","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.976065","article-title":"Patient-derived cancer models: valuable platforms for anticancer drug testing","volume":"12","author":"Genta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2012.61","article-title":"Patient-derived tumour xenografts as models for oncology drug development","volume":"9","author":"Tentler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4609","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83662-7","article-title":"A bladder cancer patient-derived xenograft displays aggressive growth dynamics in vivo and in organoid culture","volume":"11","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37696-2","article-title":"Bladder cancer organoids as a functional system to model different disease stages and therapy response","volume":"14","author":"Minoli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14092062","article-title":"Patient-Derived Bladder Cancer Organoid Models in Tumor Biology and Drug Testing: a Systematic Review","volume":"14","author":"Medle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15010139","article-title":"Role of Patient-Derived Models of Cancer in Translational Oncology","volume":"15","author":"Idrisova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02407-x","article-title":"Tumor organoid-immune co-culture models: exploring a new perspective of tumor immunity","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-024-00885-9","article-title":"Preclinical models of bladder cancer: BBN and beyond","volume":"21","author":"Matye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-14-0001","article-title":"Patient Derived Xenograft Models: an Emerging Platform for Translational Cancer Research","volume":"4","author":"Hidalgo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-24-1703","article-title":"Modeling Drug responses and Evolutionary Dynamics using Patient-Derived Xenografts reveals Precision Medicine strategies for Triple-negative Breast Cancer","volume":"85","author":"Shea","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2017.19","article-title":"Patient-derived xenografts as in vivo models for research in urological malignancies","volume":"14","author":"Inoue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0285","article-title":"Patient-Derived Bladder Cancer Organoids as a Valuable Tool for Understanding Tumor Biology and developing Personalized Treatment","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. Weinh. Baden-Wurtt. Ger."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0290","first-page":"263","article-title":"Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) and PDO-derived xenografts (PDOXs): New opportunities in establishing faithful pre-clinical cancer models","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Cent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.03.017","article-title":"Tumor evolution and drug response in patient-derived organoid models of bladder cancer","volume":"173","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4567","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1803595116","article-title":"Mouse and human urothelial cancer organoids: a tool for bladder cancer research","volume":"116","author":"Mullenders","year":"2019","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12162108","article-title":"Effects of Scaffolds on Urine- and Urothelial Carcinoma Tissue-Derived Organoids from Bladder Cancer patients","volume":"12","author":"Walz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-020-0199-8","article-title":"Synthetic alternatives to Matrigel","volume":"5","author":"Aisenbrey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26883","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-78440-0","article-title":"A novel approach to engineering three-dimensional bladder tumor models for drug testing","volume":"14","author":"Monjaras-Avila","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-87509-3","article-title":"Cost-reduction strategy to culture patient derived bladder tumor organoids","volume":"15","author":"Sisakht","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-024-03628-3","article-title":"Novel research model for in vitro immunotherapy: co-culturing tumor organoids with peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.14727","article-title":"Current status of organoid culture in urological malignancy","volume":"29","author":"Tse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10051169","article-title":"Sex Hormone Receptor Signaling in Bladder Cancer: a potential Target for Enhancing the Efficacy of conventional Non-Surgical Therapy","volume":"10","author":"Ide","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.643870","article-title":"The Role of Estrogen Receptors in Urothelial Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Goto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-020-00389-2","article-title":"Patient-derived tumour models for personalized therapeutics in urological cancers","volume":"18","author":"van de Merbel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00400","article-title":"An ex vivo Tissue Culture Model for the Assessment of Individualized Drug responses in Prostate and Bladder Cancer","volume":"8","author":"van de Merbel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1221484","article-title":"A clinical evaluation of an ex vivo organ culture system to predict patient response to cancer therapy","volume":"10","author":"Golan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01398-3","article-title":"An ex vivo tumor fragment platform to dissect response to PD-1 blockade in cancer","volume":"27","author":"Voabil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-022-00118-6","article-title":"A guide to the organ-on-a-chip","volume":"2","author":"Leung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Primer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-022-00466-9","article-title":"Human organs-on-chips for disease modelling, drug development and personalized medicine","volume":"23","author":"Ingber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1302983","article-title":"Prediction of anticancer drug resistance using a 3D microfluidic bladder cancer model combined with convolutional neural network-based image analysis","volume":"11","author":"Tak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2025.104360","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in preclinical research: enhancing digital twins and organ-on-chip to reduce animal testing","volume":"30","author":"Gangwal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/smmd.70010","article-title":"The Application of Microfluidic Chips in Primary Urological Cancer: recent advances and Future Perspectives","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Smart Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16152657","article-title":"Development of a Bladder Cancer-on-a-Chip Model to Assess Bladder Cancer Cell Invasiveness","volume":"16","author":"Ewell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14091668","article-title":"Applications of Polymers for Organ-on-Chip Technology in Urology","volume":"14","author":"Galateanu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.66481","article-title":"Dynamic persistence of UPEC intracellular bacterial communities in a human bladder-chip model of urinary tract infection","volume":"10","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109351","article-title":"Early invasion of the bladder wall by solitary bacteria protects UPEC from antibiotics and neutrophil swarms in an organoid model","volume":"36","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flores, C. et al. A human urothelial microtissue model reveals shared colonization and survival strategies between uropathogens and commensals. Sci. Adv. 9, eadi9834.","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adi9834"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6hn, R.-M. et al. A simple ex vivo bladder infection model permits study of host-pathogen interactions in UTI. 2024.12.23.630047 Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.12.23.630047 (2024).","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.12.23.630047"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-3034-x","article-title":"Creation of bladder assembloids mimicking tissue regeneration and cancer","volume":"588","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217793","article-title":"Patient-derived organoid co-culture systems as next-generation models for bladder cancer stem cell research","volume":"625","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19690-7","article-title":"A urine-dependent human urothelial organoid offers a potential alternative to rodent models of infection","volume":"8","author":"Horsley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1128132","article-title":"An immunoresponsive three-dimensional urine-tolerant human urothelial model to study urinary tract infection","volume":"13","author":"Jafari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray, B. O., Gao, J., Swarbrick, K., Freeman, A. & Rohn, J. L. 3D-UHU-TU: A Three-Dimensional Bladder Cancer Model in a Healthy Urothelial Environment. 2024.10.22.619472 Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.10.22.619472 (2024).","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.10.22.619472"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-024-10805-4","article-title":"Patient-Derived Organoids: a Game-Changer in Personalized Cancer Medicine","volume":"21","author":"Abbasian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-023-01262-1","article-title":"Guidance of adjuvant instillation in intermediate-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer by drug screens in patient derived organoids: a single center, open-label, phase II trial","volume":"23","author":"Seiler","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02134-4","article-title":"Deciphering resistance mechanisms in cancer: final report of MATCH-R study with a focus on molecular drivers and PDX development","volume":"23","author":"Vasseur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"}],"container-title":["Gene"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378111925007097?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378111925007097?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T15:45:30Z","timestamp":1773848730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378111925007097"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":91,"alternative-id":["S0378111925007097"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-1119"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-1119","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The role of 3D preclinical models in the Era of precision medicine: A bladder cancer perspective","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Gene","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149919","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"149919"}}