{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:18:07Z","timestamp":1791357487992,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]],"date-time":"2012-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["General Hospital Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,2]],"date-time":"2012-02-02T13:54:31Z","timestamp":1328190871000},"page":"290-298","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy: an update on risk factors, clinical correlates and management"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Amit","family":"Chopra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhanu Prakash","family":"Kolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghna P.","family":"Mansukhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Netzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Frye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2007.02.013","article-title":"Different clinical manifestations of hyperammonemic encephalopathy","volume":"10","author":"Gomceli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2006.00655.x","article-title":"Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy. Review article","volume":"114","author":"Segura-Bruna","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Neurologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.77.913.717","article-title":"Non-hepatic hyperammonaemia: an important, potentially reversible cause of encephalopathy","volume":"77","author":"Hawkes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.8.1236b","article-title":"Valproic acid-associated encephalopathy with coma","volume":"152","author":"Settle","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.8.1168","article-title":"Carnitine for valproic acid-induced hyperammonemia","volume":"154","author":"Raby","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.49.10.1358","article-title":"Hyperammonemia and coma developed by a woman treated with valproic acid for affective disorder","volume":"49","author":"Eze","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v60n0809g","article-title":"Valproate-induced hyperammonemia in the psychiatric setting: 2 cases","volume":"60","author":"Panikkar","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s001150050575","article-title":"Valproic acid in prophylaxis of bipolar disorder. A case of valproate-induced encephalopathy","volume":"71","author":"Rottach","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2001.tb01102.x","article-title":"Hyperammonemia and coma without hepatic dysfunction induced by valproate therapy","volume":"8","author":"Barrueto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340100937","article-title":"Simultaneous side effects of both clozapine and valproate","volume":"27","author":"Nicolai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajgp.10.4.476","article-title":"Valproate-induced hyperammonemia as a cause of altered mental status","volume":"10","author":"Feil","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000138768.61600.ad","article-title":"Valproic acid-induced hyperammonemia: a case report","volume":"24","author":"McCall","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.2190\/XW8E-Q283-4429-QL71","article-title":"Ammonia induced encephalopathy from valproic acid in a bipolar patient: case report","volume":"33","author":"Elgudin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2004.05.041","article-title":"Encephalopathy and myoclonus triggered by valproic acid","volume":"28","author":"Reif","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000129217.79887.c8","article-title":"Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy","volume":"43","author":"Yehya","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7006(05)82378-4","article-title":"A case of Parkinsonian syndrome, cognitive impairment and hyperammonemia induced by divalproate sodium prescribed for bipolar disorder","volume":"31","author":"Ricard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Encephale"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53338_7.x","article-title":"Treatment of valproate-induced hyperammonemia","volume":"53","author":"Stewart","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-200501000-00012","article-title":"Valproic acid-associated hyperammonemic encephalopathy: a case report from the psychiatric setting","volume":"20","author":"Kimmel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1097\/chi.0b013e31802ed8b2","article-title":"Case report: valproic acid and risperidone treatment leading to development of hyperammonemia and mania","volume":"46","author":"Carlson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2007.05.070062","article-title":"Valproate-associated hyperammonemic encephalopathy","volume":"20","author":"Wadzinski","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e31817275b6","article-title":"A case of hyperammonemic encephalopathy after 11 years of valproate therapy","volume":"28","author":"Stewart","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2008.06.006","article-title":"Lamotrigine might potentiate valproic acid-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy","volume":"32","author":"Fan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.20.3.369","article-title":"Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy without cognitive sequelae: a case report in the psychiatric setting","volume":"20","author":"Dealberto","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.49.1.82","article-title":"Severe acute hyperammonemia after brief exposure to valproate","volume":"49","author":"Eubanks","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0b013e3181ac3615","article-title":"Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy and normal liver functions: possible synergism with topiramate","volume":"32","author":"Deutsch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2010.2052","article-title":"Bipolar disorder and valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy in an adolescent with diabetes","volume":"20","author":"Young","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0b013e3182053ee1","article-title":"Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy: a case report and brief review of the literature","author":"Sunkavalli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E22","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.23.1.E22","article-title":"Valproate-induced encephalopathy related to concurrent antimanic medications","volume":"23(1)","author":"Trojak","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0145","first-page":"484","article-title":"Valproate-induced reversible pseudoatrophy of the brain and hyperammonemic encephalopathy in a bipolar patient","volume":"43","author":"Abreu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.11.031","article-title":"New insights on the mechanisms of valproate-induced hyperammonemia: inhibition of hepatic N-acetylglutamate synthase activity by valproyl-CoA","volume":"55","author":"Aires","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650902752376","article-title":"Carnitine in the treatment of valproic acid-induced toxicity","volume":"47","author":"Lheureux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1186\/cc3742","article-title":"Science review: carnitine in the treatment of valproic acid-induced toxicity \u2014 what is the evidence?","volume":"9","author":"Lheureux","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0165","first-page":"474","article-title":"Valproate-induced encephalopathy","volume":"64","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1054\/jocn.2001.1011","article-title":"Primidone-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy in a patient with cerebral astrocytoma","volume":"9","author":"Katano","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)91773-0","article-title":"Secondary hyperammonemia: a possible mechanism for valproate encephalopathy","volume":"2","author":"Coulter","year":"1980","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(97)00026-X","article-title":"Diet-and valproate-induced transient hyperammonemia: effect of l-carnitine","volume":"16","author":"Gidal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(02)00042-6","article-title":"Neurochemistry of ammonia","volume":"41","author":"Felipo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021918104127","article-title":"Valproate induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy","volume":"17","author":"Verrotti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0195","series-title":"Principios de Medicina Interna. Interamericana de Espan\u00e3, S.A.U.","first-page":"2497","article-title":"Enfermedades hereditarias del metabolismo de los amino\u00e1cidos y por dep\u00f3sito de los mismos","author":"Elsas","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2002.25001.x","article-title":"Serum and CSF glutamine levels in valproate-related hyperammonemic encephalopathy","volume":"43","author":"Vossler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0205","first-page":"1779","article-title":"Valproic acid-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy: MR appearance","volume":"15","author":"Baganz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2002.42201.x","article-title":"Valproate-induced encephalopathy: assessment with MR imaging and 1H MR spectroscopy","volume":"43","author":"Ziyeh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-004-2338-9","article-title":"Comparison of clinical, magnetic resonance and evoked potentials data in a case of valproic-acid-related hyperammonemic coma","volume":"15","author":"Hantson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0b013e3281c61b28","article-title":"Valproate-induced hyperammonaemic encephalopathy: review of 14 cases in the psychiatric setting","volume":"22","author":"Dealberto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-198005010-00002","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics of valproic acid","volume":"5","author":"Gugler","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.3109\/02699050903302344","article-title":"Valproic acid-induced encephalopathy in very long course treated patients","volume":"23","author":"Rousseau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0235","first-page":"133","article-title":"Valproic acid-induced hepatotoxicity and protective role of carnitine","volume":"8","author":"Shakoor","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pakistan J Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.1.230","article-title":"Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy in the presence of topiramate","volume":"54","author":"Hamer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(82)80320-X","article-title":"Carnitine deficiency and hyperammonemia associated with valproic acid therapy","volume":"101","author":"Ohtani","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.19242","article-title":"The role of carnitine supplementation during valproic acid therapy","volume":"34","author":"Raskind","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/20.1.55","article-title":"Valproic acid overdose and l-carnitine therapy","volume":"20","author":"Ishikura","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1997.tb01263.x","article-title":"Successful treatment by direct hemoperfusion of coma possibly resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction in acute valproate intoxication","volume":"38","author":"Matsumoto","year":"1997","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.64.5.680","article-title":"Hyperammonaemic encephalopathy after initiation of valproate therapy in unrecognized ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency","volume":"64","author":"Oechsner","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/17.7.1351","article-title":"Deepening coma in a epileptic patient: the missing link to the urea cycle","volume":"17","author":"Vainstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.3.593","article-title":"Valproate as a cause of hyperammonemia in heterozygotes with ornithine\u2013transcarbamylase deficiency","volume":"45","author":"Leao","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.08.001","article-title":"Genetic counseling issues in urea cycle disorders","volume":"21","author":"Sniderman King","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1982.00510210061016","article-title":"Asymptomatic hyperammonemia in patients receiving valproic acid","volume":"39","author":"Murphy","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0290","first-page":"753","article-title":"Role of hyperammonemia in stuporous states induced by sodium valproate","volume":"139","author":"Warter","year":"1983","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.50.3.275","article-title":"Valproate-induced hyperammonemia in asymptomatic children","volume":"50","author":"Wyllie","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cleve Clin Q"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-200212000-00019","article-title":"Valproate-induced hyperammonemia","volume":"22","author":"Raja","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0305","first-page":"191","article-title":"Neuropsychological and neuroimaging aspects of latent hepatic encephalopathy (LHE)","volume":"2","author":"O'Carroll","year":"1993","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol Suppl"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81711-1","article-title":"Hepatotoxic effects in a child receiving valproate and carnitine","volume":"123","author":"Murphy","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.164.7.1020","article-title":"Hyperammonemia due to valproic acid in the psychiatric setting","volume":"164","author":"Carr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.41.7.603","article-title":"Observer variability in assessing impaired consciousness and coma","volume":"41","author":"Teasdale","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01799961","article-title":"Valproate-induced lethal hyperammonaemic coma in a carrier of ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency","volume":"14","author":"Tripp","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Inher Metab Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)92338-2","article-title":"Sodium valproate and ornithine carbamyl transferase deficiency","volume":"1","author":"Tripp","year":"1981","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)92714-5","article-title":"Valproate toxicity and ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency","volume":"2","author":"Kay","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)01433-6","article-title":"Clumsiness, confusion, coma, and valproate","volume":"353","author":"Ellaway","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0345","first-page":"353","article-title":"Valproate-associated carnitine deficiency and malignant cerebral edema in the absence of hepatic failure","volume":"35","author":"Triggs","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.1.292","article-title":"Fulminant progression of demyelinating disease after valproate-induced encephalopathy","volume":"51","author":"Blindauer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14058.x","article-title":"The effect of carnitine supplementation in valproate-induced hyperammonaemia","volume":"85","author":"B\u00f6hles","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.61.2.211","article-title":"Valproate induced encephalopathy treated with carnitine in an adult","volume":"61","author":"Beversdorf","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2005.02.015","article-title":"L-carnitine was safely administered in the setting of valproate toxicity","volume":"23","author":"LoVecchio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e32805e879a","article-title":"Carnitine as an antidote for acute valproate toxicity in children","volume":"19","author":"Russell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2010.116","article-title":"Mechanisms, diagnosis and management of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"7","author":"Prakash","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)91033-1","article-title":"New mode of action for lactulose","volume":"1","author":"Van Leeuwen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.2165\/10898630-000000000-00000","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"70","author":"Phongsamran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000168485.76397.5c","article-title":"Acute valproate poisoning: pharmacokinetics, alteration in fatty acid metabolism, and changes during therapy","volume":"25","author":"Eyer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1080\/08860220802272613","article-title":"Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy treated by hemodialysis","volume":"30","author":"Tsai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ren Fail"}],"container-title":["General Hospital Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163834311004130?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163834311004130?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,26]],"date-time":"2018-11-26T12:22:32Z","timestamp":1543234952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0163834311004130"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0163834311004130"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.12.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-8343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-8343","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]}}}