{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T19:27:56Z","timestamp":1792697276934,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["General Hospital Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,23]],"date-time":"2017-09-23T05:46:22Z","timestamp":1506145582000},"page":"54-62","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Hyperventilation and electroconvulsive therapy: A literature review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Jorge","family":"G\u00f3mez-Arnau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aida","family":"de Arriba-Arnau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Correas-Lauffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikel","family":"Urretavizcaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0005","series-title":"The practice of electroconvulsive therapy: recommendations for treatment, training and privileging","author":"American Psychiatric Association Committee on Electroconvulsive Therapy","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0010","series-title":"Consenso espa\u00f1ol sobre la terapia electroconvulsiva","author":"Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Psiquiatr\u00eda","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-004-0288-7","article-title":"Anesthesia management for electroconvulsive therapy: hemodynamic and respiratory management","volume":"19","author":"Saito","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-005-0365-6","article-title":"Carbon dioxide exhalation temporarily increases during electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"20","author":"Sakurazawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.4103\/0259-1162.165506","article-title":"Delayed recovery from anesthesia: a postgraduate educational review","volume":"10","author":"Misal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesth Essays Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1996.tb07861.x","article-title":"Oxygen saturation of patients recovering from electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"51","author":"McCormick","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9185.150555","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for oxygen desaturation during recovery from modified electroconvulsive therapy: a prospective observational study","volume":"31","author":"Surve","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.150.5.695","article-title":"Oxygen saturation during electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"150","author":"Swindells","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1986.tb12955.x","article-title":"Oxygenation during electroconvulsive therapy. A comparison of two anaesthetic techniques","volume":"41","author":"Lew","year":"1986","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/yct.0b013e3180de5d44","article-title":"A case of negative-pressure pulmonary edema after electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"23","author":"Myers","year":"2007","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-200303000-00005","article-title":"Cardiac arrhythmias induced by ECT in elderly psychiatric patients: experience with 48-hour Holter monitoring","volume":"19","author":"Huuhka","year":"2003","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0060","series-title":"Guidelines for health authorities in British Columbia","author":"Mental Health Evaluation & Community Consultation Unit. Electroconvulsive Therapy","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-011-0240-4","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy can benefit from controlled hyperventilation using a laryngeal mask","volume":"261","author":"Haeck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-012-0342-7","article-title":"Clinical predictors of seizure threshold in electroconvulsive therapy: a prospective study","volume":"263","author":"Van Waarde","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199303253281204","article-title":"Effects of stimulus intensity and electrode placement on the efficacy and cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"328","author":"Sackeim","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-199912000-00003","article-title":"Aminophylline increases seizure length during electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"15","author":"Stern","year":"1999","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0b013e3181662ca0","article-title":"Effects of the addition of remifentanil to propofol anesthesia on seizure length and postictal suppression index in electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"24","author":"Porter","year":"2008","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0b013e3182507752","article-title":"Flumazenil pretreatment in benzodiazepine-free patients: a novel method for managing declining ECT seizure quality","volume":"28","author":"Yi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0095","first-page":"1","article-title":"Study protocol for the randomised controlled trial: ketamine augmentation of ECT to improve outcomes in depression (Ketamine-ECT study)","author":"Trevithick","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S67121","article-title":"Elongation of pulse width as an augmentation strategy in electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"10","author":"Kawashima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-200412000-00010","article-title":"Augmentation of electroconvulsive therapy seizures with sleep deprivation","volume":"20","author":"Gilabert","year":"2004","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-200209000-00002","article-title":"Augmentation of seizure induction in electroconvulsive therapy: a clinical reappraisal","volume":"18","author":"Datto","year":"2002","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0b013e3181e48143","article-title":"Augmentation strategies in electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"26","author":"Loo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2005.11104.x","article-title":"Hyperventilation revisited: physiological effects and efficacy on focal seizure activation in the era of video-EEG monitoring","volume":"46","author":"Guaranha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03014344","article-title":"Arterial PaO2 and PaCO2 influence seizure duration in dogs receiving electro-convulsive therapy","volume":"34","author":"Crawford","year":"1987","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.110.2.115","article-title":"The factor of hypoxemia in electroshock therapy","volume":"110","author":"Holmberg","year":"1953","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1956.tb04720.x","article-title":"Experiments in the prolongation of convulsions induced by electric shock treatment","volume":"37","author":"Holmberg","year":"1956","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.07.011","article-title":"The difficult-to-treat electroconvulsive therapy patient - strategies for augmenting outcomes","volume":"124","author":"Loo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0145","first-page":"301","article-title":"Anesthesia for ECT","volume":"9","author":"Swartz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Convuls Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0150","first-page":"222S","article-title":"Controlled hyperventilation by laryngeal mask during electroconvulsive therapy and the impact on seizure quality","volume":"65","author":"Di Pauli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0b013e3181c18901","article-title":"Impact of hyperventilation on stimulus efficiency during the early phase of an electroconvulsive therapy course: a randomized double-blind study","volume":"26","author":"Mayur","year":"2010","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(94)70078-8","article-title":"Correlation of end-tidal CO2 measure- ments to arterial PaCO2 in nonintubated patients","volume":"23","author":"Barton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2003.005819","article-title":"End tidal carbon dioxide as a predictor of the arterial PCO2 in the emergency department setting","volume":"21","author":"Yosefy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1984.tb02475.x","article-title":"Seizure duration in unilateral electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"69","author":"Bergsholm","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/61.5.593","article-title":"Oxygen supplementation during electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"61","author":"Rasanen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/60.1.70","article-title":"Effect of passive hyperventilation on seizure duration in patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"60","author":"Chater","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(90)90597-U","article-title":"Effect of hyperventilation on seizure length during electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"27","author":"Pande","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03409.x","article-title":"Cardiovascular response and seizure duration as determined by electroencephalography during unilateral electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"88","author":"Bergsholm","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0b013e3181620815","article-title":"Moderate hyperventilation prolongs electroencephalogram seizure duration of the first electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"24","author":"Sawayama","year":"2008","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2009.10.015","article-title":"Mask ventilation, hypocapnia, and seizure duration in electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"22","author":"Choukalas","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.4236\/ojanes.2015.510040","article-title":"Reconsideration of augmentation strategies in electroconvulsive therapy: effects of the concurrent use of a reduced dose of propofol with divided supplemental remifentanil and moderate hyperventilation on electroconvulsive therapy-induced seizure product","volume":"5","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rpsm.2016.04.002","article-title":"Inducci\u00f3n de hipocapnia e hiperoxia con maniobras de hiperventilaci\u00f3n reglada en la terapia electroconvulsiva","volume":"10","author":"de Arriba-Arnau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-200303000-00006","article-title":"End-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring stabilized hemodynamic changes during ECT","volume":"19","author":"Saito","year":"2003","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-8180(98)00108-1","article-title":"Physiological dead space\/tidal volume ratio during face mask, laryngeal mask, and cuffed oropharyngeal airway spontaneous ventilation","volume":"10","author":"Casati","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-200312000-00006","article-title":"Benefits of the laryngeal mask for airway management during electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"19","author":"Nishihara","year":"2003","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9592.2002.00766.x","article-title":"Noninvasive intraoperative monitoring of carbon dioxide in children: endtidal versus transcutaneous techniques","volume":"12","author":"Nosovitch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000109","article-title":"New evidence for seizure quality improvement by hyperoxia and mild hypocapnia","author":"Aksay","year":"2014","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rpsm.2015.09.002","article-title":"Can the laryngeal mask play a role in electroconvulsive treatment? A pilot study","volume":"9","author":"Buj-alvarez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeg227","article-title":"Use of the ProSealTM laryngeal mask airway in a pregnant patient with a difficult airway during electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"91","author":"Ivascu Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(10)70751-9","article-title":"Optimizing electroconvulsive therapy in non-suspected pseudocholinesterase deficiency: laryngeal mask use and neuromuscular selection","volume":"51","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Amor\u00f3s","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aes115","article-title":"Titration of electroconvulsive therapy: the use of rocuronium and sugammadex with adjunctive laryngeal mask","volume":"108","author":"Chow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0260","article-title":"Should the laryngeal mask airway play a role in electroconvulsive therapy?","author":"Bryson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000162","article-title":"Hyperventilation and seizure quality","volume":"30","author":"Scott","year":"2014","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(78)90086-X","article-title":"Seizure duration and clinical effect in electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"19","author":"Maletzky","year":"1978","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02189117","article-title":"The ictal electroencephalogram as a marker for the efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"246","author":"Folkerts","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.7.3.295","article-title":"The ictal EEG as a marker of adequate stimulus intensity with unilateral ECT","volume":"7","author":"Krystal","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.03.030","article-title":"Prediction of antidepressant response in both 2.25\u00d7 threshold RUL and fixed high dose RUL ECT","volume":"112","author":"Kimball","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra012457","article-title":"Hypocapnia","volume":"347","author":"Laffey","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199810000-00006","article-title":"Effects of respiratory alkalosis and acidosis on myocardial blood flow and metabolism in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"89","author":"Kazmaier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-196003000-00001","article-title":"Hyperventilation with oxygen-a possible cause of cerebral hypoxia","volume":"21","author":"Sugioka","year":"1960","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2016.03.005","article-title":"Cerebral oximetry with blood volume index and capnography in intubated and hyperventilated patients","volume":"34","author":"Bagwell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2013.10.010","article-title":"Hyperventilation during electroencephalography: safety and efficacy","volume":"23","author":"Kane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0b013e328364a8bb","article-title":"Utility of the hyperventilation test in the evaluation of the dizzy patient","volume":"21","author":"Califano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.137.11.1416","article-title":"Seizures terminable and interminable with ECT","volume":"137","author":"Weiner","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1989.tb03027.x","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy and cerebral computed tomography","volume":"80","author":"Bergsholm","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2009.06140.x","article-title":"Risk of pulmonary aspiration with laryngeal mask airway and tracheal tube: analysis on 65,712 procedures with positive pressure ventilation","volume":"64","author":"Bernardini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(18)30271-5","article-title":"Stimulus intensity, seizure threshold, and seizure duration: impact on the efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"14","author":"Sackeim","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.6.963","article-title":"ECT stimulus intensity: are present ECT devices too limited?","volume":"157","author":"Krystal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-200012000-00006","article-title":"Electrical dose and seizure threshold: relations to clinical outcome and cognitive effects in bifrontal, bitemporal, and right unilateral ECT","volume":"16","author":"Delva","year":"2000","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000137","article-title":"Multifactorial determinants of the neurocognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"30","author":"McClintock","year":"2014","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128a","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.134.1.128a","article-title":"Modifying ECT with a safe, simple and economical technique","volume":"134","author":"Joshi","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000159","article-title":"Type of anesthetic agent, timing, and hyperventilation as covariates in electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"30","author":"Sartorius","year":"2014","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3109\/10401239609149089","article-title":"Obstruction of ECT seizure by submaximal hyperventilation: a case report","volume":"8","author":"Swartz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0370","first-page":"180","article-title":"Electrotherapy: the effects of barbiturate anesthesia, succinylcholine and pre-oxygenation on EKG","volume":"30","author":"Woodruff","year":"1969","journal-title":"Dis Nerv Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1968.01740050093016","article-title":"The drug modification of ECT. I. Methohexital, thiopental, and preoxygenation","volume":"18","author":"Woodruff","year":"1968","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(72)90029-6","article-title":"Multiple monitored electroconvulsive treatment","volume":"13","author":"Bridenbaugh","year":"1972","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1007\/s005400200050","article-title":"Hemodynamic changes during electroconvulsive therapy under propofol anesthesia","volume":"16","author":"Nishihara","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/00003643-201306001-00092","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy as a new indication for laryngeal mask ventilation","volume":"30","author":"Marco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1097\/00003643-201306001-00128","article-title":"Capnography in electroconvulsive therapy to optimize and reduce the electrical energy dose needed to achieve a therapeutic central convulsion","volume":"30","author":"Marco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003_bb0400","first-page":"14","article-title":"Investigation of electroconvulsive treatment by pulsed oximetry","volume":"95","author":"Rysanek","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ceska Slov Psychiatr"}],"container-title":["General Hospital Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163834317301792?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163834317301792?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,28]],"date-time":"2018-06-28T18:17:07Z","timestamp":1530209827000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0163834317301792"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"references-count":80,"alternative-id":["S0163834317301792"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-8343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-8343","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Hyperventilation and electroconvulsive therapy: A literature review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"General Hospital Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2017.09.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}