{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T15:45:24Z","timestamp":1789573524492,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["General Hospital Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,31]],"date-time":"2019-01-31T19:46:36Z","timestamp":1548963996000},"page":"44-49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Management of endocarditis among persons who inject drugs: A narrative review of surgical and psychiatric approaches and controversies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Malak","family":"Elbatarny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anees","family":"Bahji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluigi","family":"Bisleri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(73)90201-5","article-title":"Infective endocarditis in heroin addicts","volume":"55","author":"Banks","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0037-198X(83)90024-X","article-title":"Cardiac and vascular involvement in drug abuse","volume":"18","author":"Jaffe","year":"1983","journal-title":"Semin Roentgenol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw157","article-title":"Increasing infectious endocarditis admissions among young people who inject drugs","volume":"3","author":"Wurcel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3408-y","article-title":"Rising rates of injection drug use associated infective endocarditis in Virginia with missed opportunities for addiction treatment referral: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Gray","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12228","article-title":"Evolving epidemiology of injecting drug use-associated infective endocarditis: a regional centre experience","volume":"34","author":"Tung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2017.03.166","article-title":"The current epidemiology of injecting drug use-associated infective endocarditis in Victoria, Australia in the midst of increasing crystal methamphetamine use","volume":"27","author":"Wright","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1086\/313664","article-title":"Right-side endocarditis in injection drug users: review of proposed mechanisms of pathogenesis","volume":"30","author":"Frontera","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-117-7-560","article-title":"Right-sided endocarditis in intravenous drug users. Prognostic features in 102 episodes","volume":"117","author":"Hecht","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-121-11-199412010-00009","article-title":"Short-course antibiotic therapy for right-sided endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus in injection drug users","volume":"121","author":"DiNubile","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2003.029967","article-title":"Indications and optimal timing for surgery in infective endocarditis","volume":"90","author":"Delahaye","year":"2004","journal-title":"Heart"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivv397","article-title":"Cardiac surgery for infective endocarditis in patients with intravenous drug use","volume":"22","author":"\u00d8sterdal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2011.08.016","article-title":"Long-term outcome for the surgical treatment of infective endocarditis with a focus on intravenous drug users","volume":"93","author":"Rabkin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.007596","article-title":"2017 focused update for management of patients with valvular heart disease: summary of new recommendations","volume":"7","author":"Matiasz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1995.00430150125013","article-title":"Clinical features, site of involvement, bacteriologic findings, and outcome of infective endocarditis in intravenous drug users","volume":"155","author":"Mathew","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.03.368","article-title":"Current profile of infective endocarditis in intravenous drug users: the prognostic relevance of the valves involved","volume":"187","author":"Ortiz-Bautista","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-90-5-789","article-title":"Single or combination therapy of staphylococcal endocarditis in intravenous drug abusers","volume":"90","author":"Abrams","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-125-12-199612150-00005","article-title":"Effectiveness of cloxacillin with and without gentamicin in short-term therapy for right-sided Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. A randomized, controlled trial","volume":"125","author":"Ribera","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0090","article-title":"Surgical outcomes of endocarditis in Ontario: the effect of drug dependence","author":"Brogly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Niagara Falls: Can J Addict Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2005.02.009","article-title":"Analysis of mortality and risk factors associated with native valve endocarditis in drug users: the importance of vegetation size","volume":"150","author":"Mart\u00edn-D\u00e1vila","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0100","first-page":"11","article-title":"Surgical management of tricuspid valve infective endocarditis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4975","author":"Yanagawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2017.12.046","article-title":"Bioprosthetic versus mechanical valve replacement for infective endocarditis: focus on recurrence rates","volume":"106","author":"Toyoda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2011.01.106","article-title":"Surgical management of endocarditis: the society of thoracic surgeons clinical practice guideline","volume":"91","author":"Byrne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-7940(01)01084-3","article-title":"Surgical management of acute aortic root endocarditis with viable homograft: 13-year experience","volume":"21","author":"Yankah","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2004.046177","article-title":"Prosthetic valve endocarditis: who needs surgery? A multicentre study of 104 cases","volume":"91","author":"Habib","year":"2005","journal-title":"Heart"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)39263-3","article-title":"Tricuspid valvulectomy without prosthetic replacement. Ten years of clinical experience","volume":"82","author":"Arbulu","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0140","article-title":"AngioVac system used for vegetation debulking in a patient with tricuspid valve endocarditis: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"2017","author":"Abubakar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Case Rep Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2018-226493","article-title":"Vacuum-assisted right atrial infected clot extraction due to persistent bacteraemia: a percutaneous approach for the management of right-sided endocarditis","volume":"2018","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2217\/fca-2016-0076","article-title":"A novel approach in the management of right-sided endocarditis: percutaneous vegectomy using the AngioVac cannula","volume":"13","author":"Thiagaraj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Futur Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1097\/imi.0000000000000189","article-title":"Extraction of right-sided vegetation with use of an aspiration catheter system","volume":"10","author":"Hosoba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Innovations"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0165","author":"Home"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2016.029","article-title":"Patients with infectious endocarditis and drug dependence have worse clinical outcomes after valvular surgery","volume":"18","author":"Lemaire","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surg Infect"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0175","first-page":"1009","article-title":"A novel approach to percutaneous removal of large tricuspid valve vegetations using suction filtration and veno-venous bypass: a single center experience","volume":"90","author":"George","year":"2017","journal-title":"Catheter Cardiovasc Interv"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0180","first-page":"318","article-title":"Fighting fungus with a laser and a hose: management of a giant Candida albicans implantable cardioverter-defibrillator lead vegetation with simultaneous AngioVac aspiration and laser sheath lead extraction","volume":"91","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Catheter Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0185","article-title":"Feasibility of concomitant vacuum-assisted removal of lead-related vegetations and cardiac implantable electronic device extraction","author":"Godara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1100\/2012\/307571","article-title":"The need for a specific risk prediction system in native valve infective endocarditis surgery","volume":"2012","author":"De Feo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci World J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-016-0977-9","article-title":"A risk factor analysis for in-hospital mortality after surgery for infective endocarditis and a proposal of a new predictive scoring system","volume":"45","author":"Gatti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2010.09.016","article-title":"Outcomes for endocarditis surgery in North America: a simplified risk scoring system","volume":"141","author":"Gaca","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.012461","article-title":"Association between surgical indications, operative risk, and clinical outcome in infective endocarditis a prospective study from the international collaboration on endocarditis","volume":"131","author":"Chu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.03.148","article-title":"A predictive model for early mortality after surgical treatment of heart valve or prosthesis infective endocarditis","volume":"241","author":"Di Mauro","year":"2017","journal-title":"EndoSCORE Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0000000000000493","article-title":"Endocarditis in the setting of IDU: multidisciplinary management","volume":"33","author":"Yanagawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0000000000000493","article-title":"Endocarditis in the setting of IDU: multidisciplinary management","volume":"33","author":"Yanagawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2017.08.004","article-title":"Contract with the patient with injection drug use and infective endocarditis: surgeons perspective","volume":"154","author":"Hussain","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2017.07.020","article-title":"Contracts with people who inject drugs following valve surgery: unrealistic and misguided expectations","volume":"154","author":"Wurcel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2016.09.093","article-title":"2016 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) consensus guidelines: surgical treatment of infective endocarditis: executive summary","volume":"153","author":"Pettersson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0240","first-page":"547","article-title":"The origins of addiction: evidence from the adverse childhood experiences study the origins of addiction","author":"Felitti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dent Prog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0245","series-title":"Motivational interviewing, third edition: helping people change","author":"Miller","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0250","series-title":"A theory of cognitive dissonance","author":"Festinger","year":"1957"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-8343(89)90122-9","article-title":"A proposed value matrix for the evaluation of psychiatric consultations in the general hospital","volume":"11","author":"Lyons","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0260","first-page":"431","article-title":"The opiate-dependent patient with endocarditis: addressing pain and substance abuse withdrawal","volume":"13","author":"Broyles","year":"2002","journal-title":"AACN Adv Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2017.05.007","article-title":"Addiction consultation services - linking hospitalized patients to outpatient addiction treatment","volume":"79","author":"Trowbridge","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Subst Abus Treat"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0270","first-page":"509","article-title":"Opioid agonist therapy","volume":"63","author":"Broad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j1550","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1550","article-title":"Mortality risk during and after opioid substitution treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"357","author":"Sordo","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"17\u201318","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.160290","article-title":"Caring for patients with opioid use disorder in the hospital","volume":"188","author":"Donroe","year":"2016","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2015.09.024","article-title":"Suboptimal addiction interventions for patients hospitalized with injection drug use-associated infective endocarditis","volume":"129","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-017-0163-0","article-title":"Harm reduction in hospitals","volume":"14","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0370-x","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of psychostimulants for amphetamine and methamphetamine use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Bhatt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007380.pub3","article-title":"Efficacy of psychostimulant drugs for cocaine dependence","volume":"2","author":"Castells","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0305","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioural treatment for amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS)-use disorders","volume":"12","author":"Harada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12748","article-title":"Drug use, health and social outcomes of hard-to-treat heroin addicts receiving supervised injectable opiate treatment: secondary outcomes from the Randomized Injectable Opioid Treatment Trial (RIOTT)","volume":"110","author":"Metrebian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2016.01.003","article-title":"Endocarditis is alive and well, unfortunately","volume":"129","author":"Alpert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivv397","article-title":"Cardiac surgery for infective endocarditis in patients with intravenous drug use","volume":"22","author":"\u00d8sterdal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(81)90418-X","article-title":"Presentation, management, and follow-up evaluation of infective endocarditis in drug addicts","volume":"102","author":"Hubbell","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2015.03.019","article-title":"Injection drug use and outcomes after surgical intervention for infective endocarditis","volume":"100","author":"Shrestha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2016.02.072","article-title":"Surgical outcomes of infective endocarditis among intravenous drug users","volume":"152","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0375","article-title":"Recidivism is the leading cause of death among intravenous drug users who underwent cardiac surgery for infective endocarditis","author":"Nguemeni Tiako","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0380","first-page":"769","article-title":"Costs of heart failure-related hospitalizations in patients aged 18 to 64 years","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0385","first-page":"291079","article-title":"A complicated case of triple valve infective endocarditis in an IV drug user with a bicuspid aortic valve requiring three separate salvage operations: a case report and literature review","volume":"2015","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Case Rep Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0390","first-page":"977","article-title":"Medical ethics should patients who use illicit drugs be offered a second heart-valve replacement?","volume":"133","author":"Miljeteig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Ethics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2017.02.001","article-title":"The cost of a recalcitrant intravenous drug user with serial cases of endocarditis: need for guidelines to improve the continuum of care","volume":"8","author":"Libertin","year":"2017","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-8-25","article-title":"A cost-benefit\/cost-effectiveness analysis of proposed supervised injection facilities in Montreal, Canada","volume":"8","author":"Jozaghi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198001000-00006","article-title":"An improved diagnostic evaluation instrument for substance abuse patients: the addiction severity index","volume":"168","author":"McLellan","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1998.9312185711.x","article-title":"The Maudsley Addiction Profile (MAP): a brief instrument for assessing treatment outcome","volume":"93","author":"Marsden","year":"1998","journal-title":"Addiction"}],"container-title":["General Hospital Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163834318304766?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163834318304766?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T22:50:22Z","timestamp":1759013422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0163834318304766"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["S0163834318304766"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-8343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-8343","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Management of endocarditis among persons who inject drugs: A narrative review of surgical and psychiatric approaches and controversies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"General Hospital Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2019.01.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}