{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T09:10:39Z","timestamp":1788772239915,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1P50HD103537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1P50HD103537"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1K23MH138987-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1K23MH138987-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-MH135028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-MH135028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["General Hospital Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T23:00:08Z","timestamp":1783378808000},"page":"37-41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Comparative effectiveness of lorazepam versus diazepam for acute catatonia: A retrospective analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"James","family":"Luccarelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Fricchione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott R.","family":"Beach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2116304","article-title":"Catatonia","volume":"389","author":"Heckers","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2025.05.001","article-title":"Catatonia: American Psychiatric Association resource document","volume":"66","author":"Wilson","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Acad Consult-Liaison Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.20240072","article-title":"The population-based incidence and prevalence of Catatonia","volume":"37","author":"Luccarelli","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13744","article-title":"Diagnostic and demographic factors of pediatric and adult catatonia hospitalizations: a 2016\u20132020 National Inpatient Sample Study","volume":"150","author":"Luccarelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12038","article-title":"Rediscovering catatonia: the biography of a treatable syndrome","volume":"127","author":"Fink","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2025.08.006","article-title":"Emergency department presentations for Catatonia: a 2019-2021 National Emergency Department Sample Study","volume":"66","author":"Luccarelli","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Acad Consult-Liaison Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.12.036","article-title":"The diagnostic criteria and structure of catatonia","volume":"164","author":"Wilson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811231158232","article-title":"Evidence-based consensus guidelines for the management of catatonia: recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology","volume":"37","author":"Rogers","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-198312000-00002","article-title":"Intravenous lorazepam in neuroleptic-Indueed Catatonia","volume":"3","author":"Fricchione","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0050","article-title":"Lorazepam in catatonia - past, present and future of a clinical success story","author":"Hirjak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0055","article-title":"Revisiting lorazepam challenge test: clinical response with dose variations and utility for catatonia in a psychiatric emergency setting","author":"Suchandra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2025.01.016","article-title":"Revisiting the lorazepam challenge: an algorithm for clinical-decision making","volume":"93","author":"Gunther","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frcha.2023.1208926","article-title":"Alternative psychopharmacologic treatments for pediatric catatonia: a retrospective analysis","volume":"2","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2013.06.003","article-title":"Lorazepam diazepam protocol for catatonia in schizophrenia: a 21-case analysis","volume":"54","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00312-6","article-title":"A double-blind comparison of lorazepam and oxazepam in psychomotor retardation and mutism","volume":"46","author":"Schmider","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1177\/02537176221116265","article-title":"Clonazepam in Catatonia: thinking beyond the boundary of lorazepam: a case report","volume":"45","author":"Agrawal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031816-044327","article-title":"Natural experiments: an overview of methods, approaches, and contributions to public health intervention research","volume":"38","author":"Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0090","article-title":"Learning from the natural experiment of the 2024 intravenous fluid shortage","volume":"6","author":"Nurok","year":"2025","journal-title":"NEJM Catal Innov Care Delivery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2023.01.041","article-title":"A comparison of the effectiveness of different doses of tocilizumab and sarilumab in the treatment of severe COVID-19: a natural experiment due to drug shortages","volume":"129","author":"Swets","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2021.01.005","article-title":"A prospective study of intramuscular Droperidol or olanzapine for acute agitation in the emergency department: a natural experiment owing to drug shortages","volume":"78","author":"Cole","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1996.tb09814.x","article-title":"Catatonia. I. Rating scale and standardized examination","volume":"93","author":"Bush","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1996.tb09815.x","article-title":"Catatonia. II. Treatment with lorazepam and electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"93","author":"Bush","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2024.07.004","article-title":"The effectiveness of the lorazepam challenge test in pediatric catatonia: a multisite retrospective cohort study","volume":"270","author":"Luccarelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0120","first-page":"214","article-title":"Benzodiazepine pharmacology and central nervous system\u2013mediated effects","volume":"13","author":"Griffin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ochsner J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0125","series-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol.","article-title":"Cingulate-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical aspects of catatonia and implications for treatment","volume":"vol. 166","author":"Fricchione","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.08.011","article-title":"GABAergic modulation with classical benzodiazepines prevent stress-induced neuro-immune dysregulation and behavioral alterations","volume":"51","author":"Ramirez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2017.09.012","article-title":"Diazepam treatment reduces inflammatory cells and mediators in the central nervous system of rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"313","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez Hurst","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2023.03.013","article-title":"Molecular and immunological origins of catatonia","volume":"263","author":"Beach","year":"2024","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/51.5.439","article-title":"Comparison of the actions of diazepam and lorazepam","volume":"51","author":"Dundee","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa002141","article-title":"A comparison of lorazepam, diazepam, and placebo for the treatment of out-of-hospital status epilepticus","volume":"345","author":"Alldredge","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199809173391202","article-title":"A comparison of four treatments for generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Veterans affairs status epilepticus cooperative study group","volume":"339","author":"Treiman","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.05.029","article-title":"Lorazepam versus diazepam in the management of emergency department patients with alcohol withdrawal","volume":"76","author":"Scheuermeyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197812142992405","article-title":"Prazepam and lorazepam, two new benzodiazepines","volume":"299","author":"Greenblatt","year":"1978","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["General Hospital Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163834326001465?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163834326001465?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T08:41:05Z","timestamp":1788770465000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0163834326001465"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["S0163834326001465"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-8343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-8343","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Comparative effectiveness of lorazepam versus diazepam for acute catatonia: A retrospective analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"General Hospital Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2026.07.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}