{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T22:51:36Z","timestamp":1794005496432,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Ubiquity Press, Ltd.","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472688000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","globalheart-journal.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["gh"],"DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,12]],"date-time":"2016-10-12T10:32:32Z","timestamp":1476268352000},"page":"287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Coronary Artery Calcification"],"prefix":"10.5334","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Osawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rine","family":"Nakanishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Budoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.178458","volume":"114","author":"Budoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01737-5","article-title":"High coronary artery calcium scores pose an extremely elevated risk for hard events","volume":"39","author":"Wayhs","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.461","article-title":"Coronary artery calcium score and risk classification for coronary heart disease prediction","volume":"303","author":"Polonsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.2.210","article-title":"Coronary artery calcium score combined with Framingham score for risk prediction in asymptomatic individuals","volume":"291","author":"Greenland","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072100","article-title":"Coronary calcium as a predictor of coronary events in four racial or ethnic groups","volume":"358","author":"Detrano","year":"2008","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000157730.94423.4B","article-title":"Ethnic differences in coronary calcification: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"111","author":"Bild","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.580696","article-title":"Distribution of coronary artery calcium by race, gender, and age: results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"113","author":"McClelland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2722","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.674143","article-title":"Risk factors for the progression of coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic subjects: results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"115","author":"Kronmal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.01.073","article-title":"Association of combinations of lipid parameters with carotid intima-media thickness and coronary artery calcium in the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis)","volume":"56","author":"Paramsothy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.304960","article-title":"Relationship of cigarette smoking with inflammation and subclinical vascular disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"35","author":"McEvoy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2011.12.015","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and incidence and progression of coronary calcium: the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis study","volume":"5","author":"Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.688739","article-title":"Family history of premature coronary heart disease and coronary artery calcification: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"116","author":"Nasir","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.042","article-title":"Family history of coronary heart disease and the incidence and progression of coronary artery calcification: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"232","author":"Pandey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.08.022","article-title":"The association of Framingham and Reynolds risk scores with incidence and progression of coronary artery calcification in MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis)","volume":"58","author":"DeFilippis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws453","article-title":"Low-risk lifestyle, coronary calcium, cardiovascular events, and mortality: results from MESA","volume":"178","author":"Ahmed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.13.1481","article-title":"Assessment of cardiovascular risk by use of multiple-risk-factor assessment equations: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology","volume":"100","author":"Grundy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.075929","article-title":"Comparison of the Framingham and Reynolds Risk scores for global cardiovascular risk prediction in the multiethnic Women's Health Initiative","volume":"125","author":"Cook","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-1281","article-title":"An analysis of calibration and discrimination among multiple cardiovascular risk scores in a modern multiethnic cohort","volume":"162","author":"DeFilippis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00187-6","article-title":"Preventing myocardial infarction in the young adult in the first place: how do the National Cholesterol Education Panel III guidelines perform?","volume":"41","author":"Akosah","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2005.04.004","article-title":"Framingham risk equation underestimates subclinical atherosclerosis risk in asymptomatic women","volume":"184","author":"Michos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.042","article-title":"Framingham risk score and prediction of coronary heart disease death in young men","volume":"154","author":"Berry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2009.08.007","article-title":"Cardiovascular events with absent or minimal coronary calcification: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"158","author":"Budoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018524","article-title":"Role of coronary artery calcium score of zero and other negative risk markers for cardiovascular disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"133","author":"Blaha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2015.06.019","article-title":"Predictors of long-term healthy arterial aging: coronary artery calcium nondevelopment in the MESA Study","volume":"8","author":"Whelton","year":"2015","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.12.035","article-title":"Progression of coronary calcium and incident coronary heart disease events: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis)","volume":"61","author":"Budoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht508","article-title":"Impact of coronary artery calcium on coronary heart disease events in individuals at the extremes of traditional risk factor burden: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"35","author":"Silverman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2009.06.014","article-title":"Relationship between baseline coronary calcium score and demonstration of coronary artery stenoses during follow-up MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis)","volume":"2","author":"Rosen","year":"2009","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2014.03.005","article-title":"Baseline subclinical atherosclerosis burden and distribution are associated with frequency and mode of future coronary revascularization: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Silverman","year":"2014","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60784-8","article-title":"Associations between C-reactive protein, coronary artery calcium, and cardiovascular events: implications for the JUPITER population from MESA, a population-based cohort study","volume":"378","author":"Blaha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.07.072","article-title":"Coronary calcium predicts events better with absolute calcium scores than age-sex-race\/ethnicity percentiles: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis)","volume":"53","author":"Budoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2012.05.012","article-title":"Coronary artery calcium is associated with degree of stenosis and surface irregularity of carotid artery","volume":"223","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2014.07.009","article-title":"Coronary artery calcium and incident cerebrovascular events in an asymptomatic cohort: the MESA Study","volume":"7","author":"Gibson","year":"2014","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.114.002262","article-title":"Comparison of coronary artery calcium presence, carotid plaque presence, and carotid intima-media thickness for cardiovascular disease prediction in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Gepner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.9624","article-title":"Comparison of novel risk markers for improvement in cardiovascular risk assessment in intermediate-risk individuals","volume":"308","author":"Yeboah","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0816","article-title":"Impact of subclinical atherosclerosis on cardiovascular disease events in individuals with metabolic syndrome and diabetes: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"34","author":"Malik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.282535","article-title":"Calcium density of coronary artery plaque and risk of incident cardiovascular events","volume":"311","author":"Criqui","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.10.058","article-title":"Utility of nontraditional risk markers in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk assessment","volume":"67","author":"Yeboah","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.22.2437","article-title":"Coronary artery calcium scores and risk for cardiovascular events in women classified as \u201clow risk\u201d based on Framingham risk score: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"167","author":"Lakoski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.002598","article-title":"Interpretation of the coronary artery calcium score in combination with conventional cardiovascular risk factors: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"128","author":"Pletcher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.12.1333","article-title":"Coronary artery calcification compared with carotid intima-media thickness in the prediction of cardiovascular disease incidence: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"168","author":"Folsom","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003625","article-title":"Dyslipidemia, coronary artery calcium, and incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: implications for statin therapy from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"129","author":"Martin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.11.005","article-title":"2013 ACC\/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines","volume":"63","author":"Goff","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.11.002","article-title":"2013 ACC\/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines","volume":"63","author":"Stone","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.2632","article-title":"Comparison of application of the ACC\/AHA guidelines, Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines, and European Society of Cardiology guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in a European cohort","volume":"311","author":"Kavousi","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.07.066","article-title":"Implications of coronary artery calcium testing among statin candidates according to American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Cholesterol Management Guidelines: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis)","volume":"66","author":"Nasir","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.016846","article-title":"Utility of nontraditional risk markers in individuals ineligible for statin therapy according to the 2013 American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Cholesterol Guidelines","volume":"132","author":"Yeboah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000519","article-title":"Critical review of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and coronary artery calcium for the guidance of statin allocation: head-to-head comparison of the JUPITER and St. Francis Heart Trials","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"}],"container-title":["Global Heart"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211816016307062?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2211816016307062?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T12:49:20Z","timestamp":1657543760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/globalheartjournal.com\/article\/10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-8179","2211-8160"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-8179","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2211-8160","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Coronary Artery Calcification","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Global Heart","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gheart.2016.08.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 World Heart Federation (Geneva). Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}