{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:29:46Z","timestamp":1790785786095,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,1]],"date-time":"2004-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1101859200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,1]],"date-time":"2004-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1101859200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Growth Hormone & IGF Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,4]],"date-time":"2004-08-04T20:12:11Z","timestamp":1091650331000},"page":"404-417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Bone metabolism in relation to alterations in systemic growth hormone"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Thor","family":"Ueland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020322800302","article-title":"From mouse to man: redefining the role of insulin-like growth factor-I in the acquisition of bone mass","volume":"228","author":"Yakar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.1996.00292.x","article-title":"Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors and bone remodelling","volume":"26","author":"Eriksen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93S","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(95)00186-H","article-title":"The insulin-like growth factor system and the coupling of formation to resorption","volume":"17","author":"Hayden","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB4","first-page":"55","article-title":"Growth hormone and bone","volume":"19","author":"Ohlsson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1038\/303532a0","article-title":"Characterization of rat hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing factor","volume":"303","author":"Spiess","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1126\/science.179.4068.77","article-title":"Hypothalamic polypeptide that inhibits the secretion of immunoreactive pituitary growth hormone","volume":"179","author":"Brazeau","year":"1973","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1038\/45230","article-title":"Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach","volume":"402","author":"Kojima","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:14:1:001","article-title":"Growth hormone secretagogues and hypothalamic networks","volume":"14","author":"Bluet-Pajot","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/330537a0","article-title":"Growth hormone receptor and serum binding protein: purification, cloning and expression","volume":"330","author":"Leung","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1750055","article-title":"Structure and regulation of expression of the mouse GH receptor","volume":"175","author":"Talamantes","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04528.x","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor I receptor primary structure: comparison with insulin receptor suggests structural determinants that define functional specificity","volume":"5","author":"Ullrich","year":"1986","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-16-2-143","article-title":"Molecular and cellular aspects of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor","volume":"16","author":"LeRoith","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2964085","article-title":"Structure of the receptor for insulin-like growth factor II: the puzzle amplified","volume":"239","author":"Roth","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2001-0033","article-title":"Cellular actions of the insulin-like growth factor binding proteins","volume":"23","author":"Firth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB15","first-page":"3","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins: biological actions","volume":"16","author":"Jones","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2001-0033","article-title":"Cellular actions of the insulin-like growth factor binding proteins","volume":"23","author":"Firth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1750019","article-title":"IGF-binding proteins are multifunctional and act via IGF-dependent and -independent mechanisms","volume":"175","author":"Mohan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB18","first-page":"825","article-title":"A hormonally controlles serum factor which stimulates sulfate incorporation by cartilage in vitro","volume":"49","author":"Salmon","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.22.1.0419","article-title":"The somatomedin hypothesis: 2001","volume":"22","author":"Le Roith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00298723","article-title":"Growth hormone stimulates proliferation and differentiation of normal human osteoblast-like cells in vitro","volume":"52","author":"Kassem","year":"1993","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB21","first-page":"3483","article-title":"Expression of functional growth hormone receptors in cultured human osteoblast-like cells","volume":"80","author":"Nilsson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-115-4-1577","article-title":"Characterization of insulin-like growth factor I receptors on cultured rat bone cells: regulation of receptor concentration by glucocorticoids","volume":"115","author":"Bennett","year":"1984","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-126-1-39","article-title":"Receptors for insulin-like growth factors-I and -II in osteoblast-enriched cultures from fetal rat bone","volume":"126","author":"Centrella","year":"1990","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2694","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.7.8770888","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor I and insulin down-regulate growth hormone (GH) receptors in rat osteoblasts: evidence for a peripheral feedback loop regulating GH action","volume":"137","author":"Leung","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1500465","article-title":"Growth hormone binds to a single high affinity receptor site on mouse osteoblasts: modulation by retinoic acid and cell differentiation","volume":"150","author":"Slootweg","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB26","first-page":"131","article-title":"Growth hormone stimulates proliferation of normal human bone marrow stromal osteoblast precursor cells in vitro","volume":"4","author":"Kassem","year":"1994","journal-title":"Growth Regul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650080609","article-title":"Mitogenic responsiveness of human bone cells in vitro to hormones and growth factors decreases with age","volume":"8","author":"Pfeilschifter","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-128-3-1459","article-title":"Growth hormone (GH) receptors in clonal osteoblast-like cells mediate a mitogenic response to GH","volume":"128","author":"Barnard","year":"1991","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB29","first-page":"123","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I on the proliferation and differentiation of cultured pig bone cells and rat calvaria cells","volume":"4","author":"Denis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Growth Regul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(88)90570-0","article-title":"Growth hormone dependent stimulation of osteoblast-like cells in serum-free cultures via local synthesis of insulin-like growth factor I","volume":"151","author":"Ernst","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-122-1-254","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor I has independent effects on bone matrix formation and cell replication","volume":"122","author":"Hock","year":"1988","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.1998.00265.x","article-title":"The effects of IGF-I and IGF-II on proliferation and differentiation of human osteoblasts and interactions with growth hormone","volume":"28","author":"Langdahl","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02555005","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor-II induce c-fos in mouse osteoblastic cells","volume":"46","author":"Merriman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02405097","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factors stimulate synthesis of nucleic acids and glycogen in cultured calvaria cells","volume":"35","author":"Schmid","year":"1983","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(84)81015-7","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor I supports differentiation of cultured osteoblast-like cells","volume":"173","author":"Schmid","year":"1984","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.135.1.8013356","article-title":"Changes in insulin-like growth factor-binding protein expression and secretion during the proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of primary cultures of rat osteoblasts","volume":"135","author":"Birnbaum","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(95)00223-Z","article-title":"Differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts is associated with temporal changes in the expression of IGF-I and IGFBPs","volume":"17","author":"Thrailkill","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3240753","article-title":"Age-related changes in effects of insulin-like growth factor I on human osteoblast-like cells","volume":"324","author":"D'avis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem. J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(94)90313-1","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro effects of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on femoral mrna expression in old rats","volume":"15","author":"Tanaka","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(90)90054-3","article-title":"Insulin like growth factor I hormonal regulation by 1,25(OH)2D3 growth hormone and by and activity on human osteoblast-like cells in short-term cultures","volume":"11","author":"Chenu","year":"1990","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650100516","article-title":"Normal human osteoblast-like cells consistently express genes for insulin-like growth factors I and II but transformed human osteoblast cell lines do not","volume":"10","author":"Okazaki","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1440251","article-title":"Changes in IGF-I and -II expression and secretion during the proliferation and differentiation of normal rat osteoblasts","volume":"144","author":"Birnbaum","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-127-2-807","article-title":"Increased activity of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) in osteoblastic cells in the presence of growth hormone(GH): positive correlation with the presence of the GH-induced IGF binding protein BP-3","volume":"127","author":"Ernst","year":"1990","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB44","first-page":"16","article-title":"Effect of growth hormone on osteoblasts and demonstration of somatomedin-C\/IGF I in bone organ culture","volume":"107","author":"Stracke","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(91)90911-P","article-title":"A novel human insulin-like growth factor binding protein secreted by osteoblast-like cells","volume":"176","author":"Andress","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650100605","article-title":"Evidence that human bone cells in culture secrete insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II and IGF binding protein-3 but not acid-labile subunit both under basal and regulated conditions","volume":"10","author":"Kanzaki","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041600119","article-title":"Complex pattern of insulin-like growth factor binding protein expression in primary rat osteoblast enriched cultures: regulation by prostaglandin E2, growth hormone, and the insulin-like growth factors","volume":"160","author":"McCarthy","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-128-5-2489","article-title":"Further characterization of insulin-like-growth factor binding proteins in rat osteoblast-like cell cultures: modulation by 17 beta-estradiol and human growth hormone","volume":"128","author":"Chen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB49","first-page":"E226","article-title":"Growth hormone and parathyroid hormone stimulate IGFBP-3 in rat osteoblasts","volume":"267","author":"Schmid","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB50","first-page":"E1005","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-5-(201\u2013218) region regulates hydroxyapatite and IGF-I binding","volume":"273","author":"Campbell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.136.5.7536661","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I and retinoic acid induce the synthesis of binding protein 5 in rat osteoblastic cells","volume":"136","author":"Dong","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB52","first-page":"104","article-title":"Regulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-4 availability in normal human osteoblast-like cells: role of endogenous IGFs","volume":"80","author":"Durham","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB53","first-page":"E222","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factors sustain insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-5 expression in osteoblasts","volume":"275","author":"Gabbitas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(91)91410-E","article-title":"Intact but not truncated insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) blocks IGF I-induced stimulation of osteoblasts: control of IGF signalling to bone cells by IGFBP-3-specific proteolysis?","volume":"179","author":"Schmid","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1995.1962","article-title":"Effects of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding proteins (BPs) -3 and -6 on DNA synthesis of rat osteoblasts: further evidence for a role of auto-\/paracrine IGF I but not IGF II in stimulating osteoblast growth","volume":"212","author":"Schmid","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27481","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.46.27481","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) functions as an IGF-reversible inhibitor of IGFBP-4 proteolysis","volume":"270","author":"Fowlkes","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20424","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.35.20424","article-title":"Studies on the mechanisms by which insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) and IGFBP-5 modulate IGF actions in bone cells","volume":"270","author":"Mohan","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.12.2079","article-title":"Studies on the role of human insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II)-dependent IGF binding protein (hIGFBP)-4 protease in human osteoblasts using protease-resistant IGFBP-4 analogs","volume":"14","author":"Qin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB59","first-page":"E1029","article-title":"Effects and fate of human IGF-binding protein-5 in rat osteoblast cultures","volume":"271","author":"Schmid","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(05)80249-9","article-title":"Isolation of a novel insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein from human bone: a potential candidate for fixing IGF-II in human bone","volume":"176","author":"Bautista","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)41695-X","article-title":"Human osteoblast-derived insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-5 stimulates osteoblast mitogenesis and potentiates IGF action","volume":"267","author":"Andress","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB62","first-page":"238","article-title":"Growth hormone receptor activity is stimulated by insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 in rat osteosarcoma cells","volume":"6","author":"Slootweg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Growth Regul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4699","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.10.7081","article-title":"Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-5 stimulates bone formation parameters in vitro and in vivo","volume":"140","author":"Richman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2000.15.5.902","article-title":"Stimulatory effect of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 on mouse osteoclast formation and osteoclastic bone-resorbing activity","volume":"15","author":"Kanatani","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-124-1-301","article-title":"Regulatory effects of insulin-like growth factors I and II on bone collagen synthesis in rat calvarial cultures","volume":"124","author":"McCarthy","year":"1989","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650060105","article-title":"Insulinlike growth factor and transforming growth factor II beta regulate collagen expression in human osteoblastlike cells in vitro","volume":"6","author":"Strong","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(97)00224-X","article-title":"Growth hormone stimulatory effects on osteoclastic resorption are partly mediated by insulin-like growth factor I: an in vitro study","volume":"22","author":"Guicheux","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.1.8536635","article-title":"Stimulatory effect of growth hormone on bone resorption and osteoclast differentiation","volume":"137","author":"Nishiyama","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1997.12.4.534","article-title":"Identification and characterization of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor in mature rabbit osteoclasts","volume":"12","author":"Hou","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(95)00485-8","article-title":"Characterization and function of the receptor for IGF-I in human preosteoclastic cells","volume":"18","author":"Fiorelli","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.136.1.7828521","article-title":"Osteoblasts mediate insulin-like growth factor-I and -II stimulation of osteoclast formation and function","volume":"136","author":"Hill","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900141","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor I does not stimulate bone resorption in cultured neonatal mouse calvarial bones","volume":"59","author":"Jonsson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/235107a0","article-title":"Somatomedin: proposed designation for sulphation factor","volume":"235","author":"Daughaday","year":"1972","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-113-1-297","article-title":"Synthesis and secretion of insulin-like growth factor and its binding protein by the perfused rat liver: dependence on growth hormone status","volume":"113","author":"Schwander","year":"1983","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2624","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.133.6.7694843","article-title":"Regulation of insulin-like growth proteins by growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding hormone in rat white adipose tissue","volume":"133","author":"Peter","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.2527\/1996.7481832x","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone administration and dietary protein intake on insulin-like growth factor I and growth hormone receptor mRNA Expression in porcine liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue","volume":"74","author":"Brameld","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9343","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.24.9343","article-title":"Regulation of insulin-like growth factor I gene expression by growth hormone","volume":"83","author":"Mathews","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.4.706","article-title":"Systemic over-secretion of growth hormone in transgenic mice results in a specific pattern of skeletal modeling and adaptation","volume":"13","author":"Tseng","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1054\/ghir.2002.0272","article-title":"Body composition, bone mass and microstructural analysis in GH-transgenic mice reveals that skeletal changes are specific to bone compartment and gender","volume":"12","author":"Eckstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Growth Horm. IGF Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(95)00419-X","article-title":"Erythroid-specific expression of human growth hormone affects bone morphology in transgenic mice","volume":"18","author":"Saban","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199901010-00002","article-title":"Human growth hormone transgene expression increases the biomechanical structural properties of mouse vertebrae","volume":"24","author":"Steinke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB82","first-page":"5541","article-title":"Osteoblast-specific expression of growth hormone stimulates bone growth in transgenic mice","volume":"12","author":"Baker","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100140414","article-title":"Local expression of human growth hormone in bone results in impaired mechanical integrity in the skeletal tissue of transgenic mice","volume":"14","author":"Tseng","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI10753","article-title":"Bone homeostasis in growth hormone receptor-null mice is restored by IGF-I but independent of Stat5","volume":"106","author":"Sims","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.1986","article-title":"Disproportional skeletal growth and markedly decreased bone mineral content in growth hormone receptor \u2212\/\u2212 mice","volume":"267","author":"Sjogren","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2001.16.12.2320","article-title":"The skeletal structure of insulin-like growth factor I-deficient mice","volume":"16","author":"Bikle","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.11.1977","article-title":"Effects of liver-derived insulin-like growth factor I on bone metabolism in mice","volume":"17","author":"Sjogren","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0215463","article-title":"Circulating levels of IGF-1 directly regulate bone growth and density","volume":"110","author":"Yakar","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44005","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M208265200","article-title":"Osteoblast-specific knockout of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor gene reveals an essential role of IGF signaling in bone matrix mineralization","volume":"277","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.7.7585","article-title":"Targeted overexpression of insulin-like growth factor I to osteoblasts of transgenic mice: increased trabecular bone volume without increased osteoblast proliferation","volume":"141","author":"Zhao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4682","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0745","article-title":"Lack of insulin-like growth factor I exaggerates the effect of calcium deficiency on bone accretion in mice","volume":"144","author":"Kasukawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-002-0282-5","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) overexpression negatively regulates bone size and mass, but not density, in the absence and presence of growth hormone\/IGF-I excess in transgenic mice","volume":"206","author":"Eckstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol. (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3955","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-220129","article-title":"Transgenic mice overexpressing insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 display transiently decreased osteoblastic function and osteopenia","volume":"143","author":"Devlin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB94","first-page":"153","article-title":"Changes in bone metabolism during treatment of acromegaly","volume":"104","author":"Bijlsma","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02555167","article-title":"Correlation among plasma osteocalcin, growth hormone, and somatomedin C in acromegaly","volume":"43","author":"de la","year":"1988","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB96","first-page":"1452","article-title":"Biochemical assessment of bone formation and resorption in acromegaly","volume":"76","author":"Ezzat","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650080410","article-title":"Bone mineral density and parameters of bone metabolism in patients with acromegaly","volume":"8","author":"Kotzmann","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00571329","article-title":"Serum bone Gla protein as a marker of bone turnover in acromegaly","volume":"52","author":"Marazuela","year":"1993","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00298716","article-title":"Serum levels of bone Gla protein (osteocalcin BGP) and carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PICP) in acromegaly: effects of long-term octreotide treatment","volume":"52","author":"Terzolo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB100","first-page":"18","article-title":"Iliac crest bone mass and remodelling in acromegaly","volume":"97","author":"Halse","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB101","first-page":"123","article-title":"Increased cortical bone content of insulin-like growth factors in acromegalic patients","volume":"84","author":"Ueland","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2002.00944.x","article-title":"Decreased trabecular bone biomechanical competence, apparent density, IGF-II and IGFBP-5 content in acromegaly","volume":"32","author":"Ueland","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(94)90199-6","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factors (IGF)-I and -II and IGF binding protein-1, -2, and -3 in patients with acromegaly before and after adenomectomy","volume":"43","author":"Jorgensen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB104","first-page":"553","article-title":"Acute and short-term effects of growth hormone on insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins: serum levels and hepatic messenger ribonucleic acid responses in humans","volume":"84","author":"Olivecrona","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2002.01624.x","article-title":"Effects of a growth hormone receptor antagonist on bone markers in acromegaly","volume":"57","author":"Fairfield","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03347998","article-title":"Long-term effects of octreotide on markers of bone metabolism in acromegaly: evidence of increased serum parathormone concentrations","volume":"20","author":"Legovini","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(76)90041-3","article-title":"Body composition and skeletal metabolism following pituitary irradiation in acromegaly","volume":"61","author":"Aloia","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am. J. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-111-7-567","article-title":"Spinal and peripheral bone mineral densities in acromegaly: the effects of excess growth hormone and hypogonadism","volume":"111","author":"Diamond","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110570","article-title":"Differential effects of endocrine dysfunction on the axial and the appendicular skeleton","volume":"69","author":"Seeman","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1998.00349.x","article-title":"Gonadal status is an important determinant of bone density in acromegaly","volume":"48","author":"Lesse","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03350799","article-title":"Bone mineral density and circulating cytokines in patients with acromegaly","volume":"21","author":"Longobardi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01777.x","article-title":"Bone mineral density in acromegaly: the effect of gender, disease activity and gonadal status","volume":"58","author":"Scillitani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/S1076-6332(00)80573-5","article-title":"Axial bone mineral density in patients with acromegaly","volume":"7","author":"Bolanowski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acad. Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB114","first-page":"1608","article-title":"Bone mineral density of the axial skeleton in acromegaly","volume":"33","author":"Ho","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01622293","article-title":"Osteopenia occurs in a minority of patients with acromegaly and is predominant in the spine","volume":"7","author":"Kayath","year":"1997","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1997.12.10.1729","article-title":"Skeletal involvement in female acromegalic subjects: the effects of growth hormone excess in amenorrheal and menstruating patients","volume":"12","author":"Scillitani","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3368","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.8.8754763","article-title":"Elevated levels of growth hormone increase bone mineral content in normal young mice, but not in ovariectomized mice","volume":"137","author":"Sandstedt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5240","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.11.8006","article-title":"The relationship between serum GH and serum IGF-I in acromegaly is gender-specific","volume":"86","author":"Parkinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.1992.tb00613.x","article-title":"The bone mineral density in acquired growth hormone deficiency correlates with circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor I","volume":"232","author":"Johansson","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB120","first-page":"201","article-title":"Reduced bone mineral content in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency","volume":"129","author":"Rosen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB121","first-page":"669","article-title":"Reduced bone mineral density in patients with adult onset growth hormone deficiency","volume":"78","author":"Holmes","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB122","first-page":"1919","article-title":"Bone loss is correlated to the severity of growth hormone deficiency in adult patients with hypopituitarism","volume":"84","author":"Colao","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1370240","article-title":"Increased fracture frequency in adult patients with hypopituitarism and GH deficiency","volume":"137","author":"Rosen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2001.16.2.398","article-title":"The influence of growth hormone deficiency, growth hormone replacement therapy, and other aspects of hypopituitarism on fracture rate and bone mineral density","volume":"16","author":"Wuster","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1330180","article-title":"Reduced bone mineral density in adults with growth hormone (GH) deficiency: increased bone turnover during 12 months of GH substitution therapy","volume":"133","author":"Degerblad","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1993.tb02387.x","article-title":"Short and long-term effects of growth hormone treatment on bone turnover and bone mineral content in adult growth hormone-deficient males","volume":"39","author":"Vandeweghe","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2000.15.2.293","article-title":"Growth hormone treatment in adults with adult-onset growth hormone deficiency increases iliac crest trabecular bone turnover: a 1-year, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled study","volume":"15","author":"Brixen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB128","first-page":"2143","article-title":"Skeletal effects of two years of treatment with low physiological doses of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) in patients with adult-onset GH deficiency","volume":"83","author":"Janssen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1360282","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone (GH) replacement on bone metabolism and mineral density in adult onset of GH deficiency: results of a double-blind placebo-controlled study with open follow-up","volume":"136","author":"Finkenstedt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1350666","article-title":"Dose-dependent effects of recombinant human growth hormone on biochemical markers of bone and collagen metabolism in adult growth hormone deficiency","volume":"135","author":"Bollerslev","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900392","article-title":"Effect of long-term growth-hormone substitution therapy on bone mineral density and parameters of bone metabolism in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency","volume":"62","author":"Kotzmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.6.1081","article-title":"The effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on bone metabolism in adult-onset growth hormone deficiency: a 2-year open randomized controlled multicenter trial","volume":"17","author":"Bex","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4657","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.10.7887","article-title":"A prospective study of 5 years of GH replacement therapy in GH-deficient adults: sustained effects onbody composition, bone mass, and metabolic indices","volume":"86","author":"Gotherstrom","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01246.x","article-title":"The influence of gender on the short and long-term effects of growth hormone replacement on bone metabolism and bone mineral density in hypopituitary adults: 5-a year study","volume":"54","author":"Drake","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.5.891","article-title":"Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBP)-4 and -5 correlate with bone mineral density in growth hormone (GH)-deficient adults and increase with GH replacement therapy","volume":"13","author":"Thoren","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2760","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.6.8549","article-title":"Effects of 12 months of GH treatment on cortical and trabecular bone content of IGFs and OPG in adults with acquired GH deficiency: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"87","author":"Ueland","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(03)00240-0","article-title":"Growth hormone substitution increases gene expression of members of the IGF family in cortical bone from women with adult onset growth hormone deficiency-relationship with bone turn-over","volume":"33","author":"Ueland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB138","first-page":"81","article-title":"Effects of short-term insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) or growth hormone (GH) treatment on bone metabolism and on production of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in GH-deficient adults","volume":"83","author":"Bianda","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-127-3-1033","article-title":"Expression of insulin-like growth factor I stimulates normal somatic growth in growth hormone-deficient transgenic mice","volume":"127","author":"Behringer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1310041","article-title":"Growth hormone (GH) treatment increases serum insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3, bone isoenzyme alkaline phosphatase and forearm bone mineral content in young adults with GH deficiency of childhood onset","volume":"131","author":"Juul","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB141","first-page":"550","article-title":"Growth hormone (GH)-deficient men are more responsive to GH replacement therapy than women","volume":"82","author":"Burman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(76)92217-0","article-title":"Long-term prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis by oestrogen. Evidence for an increased bone mass after delayed onset of oestrogen treatment","volume":"1","author":"Lindsay","year":"1976","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB143","first-page":"174","article-title":"Role of estrogen deficiency in pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism and increased bone resorption in elderly women","volume":"109","author":"McKane","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Assoc. Am. Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-51-6-1359","article-title":"Effect of estrogen on calcium absorption and serum vitamin D metabolites in postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"51","author":"Gallagher","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1320313","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factors I and II in healthy women with and without established osteoporosis","volume":"132","author":"Ravn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1997.12.8.1272","article-title":"Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I, IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-2, and IGFBP-3 in osteoporotic patients with and without spinal fractures","volume":"12","author":"Sugimoto","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1360608","article-title":"Effect of natural menopause on serum levels of IGF-I and IGF-binding proteins: relationship with bone mineral density and lipid metabolism in perimenopausal women","volume":"136","author":"Nasu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-125-3-1484","article-title":"Parathyroid hormone stimulates release of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-II from neonatal mouse calvaria in organ culture","volume":"125","author":"Linkhart","year":"1989","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-124-3-1247","article-title":"Parathyroid hormone enhances the transcript and polypeptide levels of insulin-like growth factor I in osteoblast-enriched cultures from fetal rat bone","volume":"124","author":"McCarthy","year":"1989","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-125-2-825","article-title":"Estradiol effects on proliferation, messenger ribonucleic acid for collagen and insulin-like growth factor-I, and parathyroid hormone-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in osteoblastic cells from calvariae and long bones","volume":"125","author":"Ernst","year":"1989","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01321888","article-title":"Effects of estrogen replacement on insulin-like growth factor I concentrations in serum and bone tissue and on interleukin 1 secretion from spleen macrophages in oophorectomized rats","volume":"53","author":"Sato","year":"1993","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-6009(08)80255-3","article-title":"Effects of ovariectomy and estrogen on the serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3","volume":"25","author":"Kalu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bone Miner"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB153","first-page":"883","article-title":"Mechanism of action of estrogen on intramembranous bone formation: regulation of osteoblast differentiation and activity","volume":"131","author":"Turner","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB154","first-page":"210","article-title":"Effects of IGF-I, alone and in combination with 17 beta-oestradiol on bone remodelling parameters in ovariectomised rats","volume":"5","author":"Verhaeghe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Growth Regul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(96)00256-6","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor I as a predictor of cortical bone mass in a long-term study of ovariectomized and estrogen-treated rats","volume":"19","author":"Danielsen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB156","first-page":"4467","article-title":"Sibling pair linkage and association studies between bone mineral density and the insulin-like growth factor I gene locus","volume":"84","author":"Takacs","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900532","article-title":"Polymorphism of insulin-like growth factor gene and bone mineral density","volume":"63","author":"Miyao","year":"1998","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.8.1343","article-title":"Gender differences in insulin-like growth factor and bone mineral density association in old age: the Rancho Bernardo Study","volume":"13","author":"Barrett-Connor","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01390.x","article-title":"The contribution of IGF-I to skeletal integrity in postmenopausal women","volume":"55","author":"Munoz-Torres","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.55.12.870","article-title":"Relation between insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations, osteoarthritis, bone density, and fractures in the general population: the Chingford study","volume":"55","author":"Lloyd","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1999.00776.x","article-title":"Postmenopausal osteoporosis is more related to hormonal aberrations than to lifestyle factors","volume":"51","author":"Landin-Wilhelmsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(98)00066-0","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor-I and bone mineral density","volume":"23","author":"Collins","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB163","first-page":"2534","article-title":"Relationship between circulating insulin-like growth factor components and sex hormones in a population-based sample of 50- to 80-year-old men and women","volume":"81","author":"Pfeilschifter","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB164","first-page":"2331","article-title":"Concentration of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and -II in iliac crest bone matrix from pre- and postmenopausal women: relationship to age, menopause, bone turnover, bone volume, and circulating IGFs","volume":"83","author":"Seck","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020977","article-title":"Age-related changes in cortical bone content of insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3, IGFBP-5,osteoprotegerin, and calcium in postmenopausal osteoporosis: a cross-sectional study","volume":"88","author":"Ueland","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/S0531-5565(00)00125-X","article-title":"Changes in the insulin-like growth factor-system may contribute to in vitro age-related impaired osteoblast functions","volume":"35","author":"Kveiborg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.12.2150","article-title":"Down-regulation of the serum stimulatory components of the insulin-like growth (IGF) system (IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF binding protein [BP]-3, and IGFBP-5) in age-related (type II) femoral factor neck osteoporosis","volume":"14","author":"Boonen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1410195","article-title":"Osteoprotegerin ligand and osteoprotegerin: novel implications for osteoclast biology and bone metabolism","volume":"141","author":"Hofbauer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81569-X","article-title":"Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation","volume":"93","author":"Lacey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3597","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.7.3597","article-title":"Osteoclast differentiation factor is a ligand for osteoprotegerin\/osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory factor and is identical to TRANCE\/RANKL","volume":"95","author":"Yasuda","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.0252","article-title":"A new member of tumor necrosis factor ligand family, ODF\/OPGL\/TRANCE\/RANKL, regulates osteoclast differentiation and function","volume":"256","author":"Takahashi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1998.9788","article-title":"RANK is the essential signaling receptor for osteoclast differentiation factor in osteoclastogenesis","volume":"253","author":"Nakagawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7829","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.130200197","article-title":"Estrogens suppress RANK ligand-induced osteoclast differentiation via a stromal cell independent mechanism involving c-Jun repression","volume":"97","author":"Shevde","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13960","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.251534698","article-title":"Up-regulation of TNF-producing T cells in the bone marrow: a key mechanism by which estrogen deficiency induces bone loss in vivo","volume":"98","author":"Roggia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8836","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M010764200","article-title":"Estrogen decreases osteoclast formation by down-regulating receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand (RANKL)-induced JNK activation","volume":"276","author":"Srivastava","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI11066","article-title":"Estrogen deficiency induces bone loss by enhancing T-cell production of TNF-alpha","volume":"106","author":"Cenci","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13960","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.251534698","article-title":"Up-regulation of TNF-producing T cells in the bone marrow: a key mechanism by which estrogen deficiency induces bone loss in vivo","volume":"98","author":"Roggia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4367","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.9.7131","article-title":"Estrogen stimulates gene expression and protein production of osteoprotegerin in human osteoblastic cells","volume":"140","author":"Hofbauer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.4.518","article-title":"Immunological characterization of circulating osteoprotegerin\/osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor: increased serum concentrations in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis","volume":"14","author":"Yano","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB180","first-page":"631","article-title":"Associations of serum osteoprotegerin levels with diabetes, stroke, bone density, fractures, and mortality in elderly women","volume":"86","author":"Browner","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1450685","article-title":"Increased serum osteoprotegerin in disorders characterized by persistent immune activation or glucocorticoid excess\u2013possible role in bone homeostasis","volume":"145","author":"Ueland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4273","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020656","article-title":"IGF-I regulates osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand in vitro and OPG in vivo","volume":"87","author":"Rubin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1480185","article-title":"GH replacement therapy increases plasma osteoprotegerin levels in GH-deficient adults","volume":"148","author":"Lanzi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB184","first-page":"177","article-title":"Skeletal growth of transgenic mice with elevated levels of circulating insulin-like growth factor-II","volume":"5","author":"Wolf","year":"1995","journal-title":"Growth Regul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1080\/03008200290000998","article-title":"Bone formation in the context of growth retardation induced by hIGFBP-1 overexpression in transgenic mice","volume":"43","author":"Ben Lagha","year":"2002","journal-title":"Connect. Tissue Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.5.8149","article-title":"Growth inhibition in giant growth hormone transgenic mice by overexpression of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2","volume":"142","author":"Hoeflich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2003.18.10.1834","article-title":"Perturbations in bone formation and resorption in insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 transgenic mice","volume":"18","author":"Silha","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002_BIB188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2003.18.5.836","article-title":"Paracrine overexpression of IGFBP-4 in osteoblasts of transgenic mice decreases bone turnover and causes global growth retardation","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res"}],"container-title":["Growth Hormone & IGF Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1096637404001248?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1096637404001248?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T22:40:28Z","timestamp":1761086428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1096637404001248"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"references-count":188,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1096637404001248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1096-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1096-6374","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Bone metabolism in relation to alterations in systemic growth hormone","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Growth Hormone & IGF Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ghir.2004.06.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"converted-article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}