{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T11:40:57Z","timestamp":1791027657487,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]],"date-time":"2009-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243814400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]],"date-time":"2009-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243814400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Growth Hormone &amp; IGF Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,14]],"date-time":"2009-01-14T04:25:10Z","timestamp":1231907110000},"page":"187-197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":170,"title":["Expression, regulation and biological actions of growth hormone (GH) and ghrelin in the immune system"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Naoki","family":"Hattori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1987.tb00528.x","article-title":"Interactions between the neuroendocrine and immune systems: common hormones and receptors","volume":"100","author":"Weigent","year":"1987","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1989.69.1.1","article-title":"A molecular basis for bidirectional communication between the immune and neuroendocrine systems","volume":"69","author":"Blalock","year":"1989","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2002-0029","article-title":"Biological, physiological, pathophysiological and pharmacological aspects of ghrelin","volume":"25","author":"van der Lely","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00012.2004","volume":"85","author":"Kojima","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4284","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.9.7866","article-title":"GH, GH receptor, GH secretagogue receptor, and ghrelin expression in human T cells, B cells, and neutrophils","volume":"86","author":"Hattori","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3720","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)33403-8","article-title":"Regulation of receptor concentration by homologous hormone. Effect of human growth hormone on its receptor in IM-9 lymphocytes","volume":"251","author":"Lesniak","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)76548-X","article-title":"Vanadate down-regulates cell surface insulin and growth hormone receptors and inhibits insulin receptor degradation in cultured human lymphocytes","volume":"263","author":"Torossian","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.134.6.8194466","article-title":"Receptor dimerization determines the effects of growth hormone in primary rat adipocytes and cultured human IM-9 lymphocytes","volume":"134","author":"Ilondo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-60-4-740","article-title":"Specific growth hormone receptors on human peripheral mononuclear cells: reexpression, identification, and characterization","volume":"60","author":"Kiess","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib10","first-page":"984","article-title":"Differential expression of surface membrane growth hormone receptor on human peripheral blood lymphocytes detected by dual fluorochrome flow cytometry","volume":"79","author":"Badolato","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib11","first-page":"2612","article-title":"Detection of human growth hormone receptors on IM-9 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets by flow cytometry: correlation with growth hormone-binding protein levels","volume":"80","author":"Rapaport","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1997.2571066.x","article-title":"Expression of growth hormone receptor by peripheral blood lymphocytes in children: evaluation in clinical conditions of impaired growth","volume":"47","author":"Valerio","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.7.6854","article-title":"Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin receptors in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: relation with age and GH-binding protein","volume":"140","author":"Bresson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib14","first-page":"295","article-title":"Expression of growth hormone receptors by lymphocyte subpopulations in the human tonsil","volume":"6","author":"Thellin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.5.8612507","article-title":"Expression of growth hormone receptors in murine lymphoid cells analyzed by flow cytofluorometry","volume":"137","author":"Gagnerault","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09589.x","article-title":"Growth hormone receptors and immunocompetent cells","volume":"840","author":"Dardenne","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. NY Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.v24i4.1290","article-title":"Protein malnutrition up-regulates growth hormone receptor expression in rat splenic B lymphocytes","volume":"24","author":"Mej\u00eda-Naranjo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomedica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(97)00230-X","article-title":"Growth hormone receptor and regulation of gene expression in fetal lymphoid cells","volume":"137","author":"Chen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2812","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.2.12.3044906","article-title":"Production of immunoreactive growth hormone by mononuclear leukocytes","volume":"2","author":"Weigent","year":"1988","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3109\/08830188909054418","article-title":"Expression of growth hormone by lymphocytes","volume":"4","author":"Weigent","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(91)90253-8","article-title":"The production of growth hormone by subpopulations of rat mononuclear leukocytes","volume":"135","author":"Weigent","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(91)90033-4","article-title":"Expression of immunoreactive growth hormone in leukocytes in vivo","volume":"33","author":"Baxter","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1159\/000096879","article-title":"Cloning and nucleotide sequencing of rat lymphocyte growth hormone cDNA","volume":"2","author":"Rohn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(90)92334-V","article-title":"Immunoreactive growth hormone (GH) secretion by human lymphocytes: augmented release by exogenous GH","volume":"168","author":"Hattori","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00711549","article-title":"Immunoreactive growth hormone production by human lymphocyte cell lines","volume":"12","author":"Kao","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib26","first-page":"1278","article-title":"Localization of growth hormone messenger ribonucleic acid in the human immune system \u2013 a Clinical Research Center study","volume":"81","author":"Wu","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0739-7240(97)00045-3","article-title":"Growth hormone and Pit-1 expression in bovine fetal lymphoid cells","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Domest. Animal Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M212","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/54.4.M212","article-title":"Chronic stress associated with spousal caregiving of patients with Alzheimer\u2019s dementia is associated with downregulation of B-lymphocyte GH mRNA","volume":"54","author":"Wu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A: Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.me.34.020183.002511","article-title":"Structural variants of human growth hormone: biochemical, genetic, and clinical aspects","volume":"34","author":"Chawla","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1997.tb08337.x","article-title":"Both pituitary and placental growth hormone transcripts are expressed in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)","volume":"110","author":"Melen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4481","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.10.5568","article-title":"Human neutrophils express GH-N gene transcripts and the pituitary transcription factor Pit-1b","volume":"138","author":"Kooijman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1410413","article-title":"Human lymphocytes express hGH-N gene transcripts of 22kDa, 20kDa and minor forms of GH, but not hGH-V gene","volume":"141","author":"Hattori","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2988","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.6.8739","article-title":"The tissue distribution of the mRNA of ghrelin and subtypes of its receptor, GHS-R, in humans","volume":"87","author":"Gnanapavan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2004.06.016","article-title":"Effects of ghrelin on the proliferation and secretion of splenic T lymphocytes in mice","volume":"122","author":"Xia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Regulat. Pept."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4143","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-220644","volume":"143","author":"Unniappan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200421134","article-title":"Ghrelin inhibits leptin- and activation-induced proinflammatory cytokine expression by human monocytes and T cells","volume":"114","author":"Dixit","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib37","first-page":"35","article-title":"Growth hormone-releasing hormone: synthesis and signaling","volume":"50","author":"Mayo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Recent Prog. Horm. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C951","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00429.2006","article-title":"Different kinases regulate activation of voltage-dependent calcium channels by depolarization in GH3 cells","volume":"293","author":"Vela","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-65-3-452","article-title":"Enhancement of cholinergic tone by pyridostigmine promotes both basal and growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone-induced GH secretion in children of short stature","volume":"65","author":"Ghigo","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3337","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-129-6-3337","article-title":"Evidence for a role of protein kinase-C in His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2-induced growth hormone release from rat primary pituitary cells","volume":"129","author":"Cheng","year":"1991","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3109\/10799899509045223","article-title":"Growth hormone releasing hexapeptide (GHRP-6) activates the inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate\/diacylglycerol pathway in rat anterior pituitary cells","volume":"15","author":"Mau","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Recept Signal Transduct. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.15.9.0694","article-title":"Regulation of Pit-1 expression by ghrelin and GHRP-6 through the GH secretagogue receptor","volume":"15","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib43","first-page":"432","article-title":"Protein kinase C-dependent growth hormone releasing peptides stimulate cyclic adenosine 3\u2032,5\u2032-monophosphate production by human pituitary somatotropinomas expressing gsp oncogenes: evidence for crosstalk between transduction pathways","volume":"10","author":"Adams","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5372","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0723","article-title":"Intracellular signaling mechanisms mediating ghrelin-stimulated growth hormone release in somatotropes","volume":"144","author":"Malag\u00f3n","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2004.09.028","article-title":"Coupling actin and membrane dynamics during calcium-regulated exocytosis: a role for Rho and ARF GTPases","volume":"1742","author":"Bader","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4729","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0656","article-title":"The cholinergic system controls ghrelin release and ghrelin-induced growth hormone release in humans","volume":"89","author":"Maier","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib47","first-page":"859","article-title":"Somatostatin acts by inhibiting the cyclic 3\u2032,5\u2032-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)\/protein kinase A pathway, cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, and CREB transcription potency","volume":"11","author":"Tentler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3871","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.9.6206","article-title":"Leptin is a potent stimulator of spontaneous pulsatile growth hormone (GH) secretion and the GH response to GH-releasing hormone","volume":"139","author":"Tannenbaum","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib49","first-page":"937","article-title":"Growth hormone (GH) secretion from human lymphocytes is up-regulated by GH, but not affected by insulin-like growth factor-I","volume":"76","author":"Hattori","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib50","first-page":"1678","article-title":"Spontaneous growth hormone (GH) secretion by unstimulated human lymphocytes and the effects of GH-releasing hormone and somatostatin","volume":"79","author":"Hattori","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(91)90353-D","article-title":"Growth hormone releasing hormone receptors on thymocytes and splenocytes from rats","volume":"136","author":"Guarcello","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1992.tb49117.x","article-title":"Immunoreactive growth hormone production by cultured lymphocytes","volume":"650","author":"Kao","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. NY Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-34991","article-title":"Growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) analogue, hexarelin stimulates GH from peripheral lymphocytes","volume":"110","author":"Poppi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib54","first-page":"480","article-title":"Somatostatin receptors on human lymphocytes and leukaemia cells","volume":"71","author":"Hiruma","year":"1990","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib55","first-page":"49","article-title":"Growth hormone secretion by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells detected by an enzyme-linked immunoplaque assay","volume":"76","author":"Varma","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(01)00489-1","article-title":"Human lymphocyte growth hormone stimulates interferon gamma production and is inhibited by cortisol and norepinephrine","volume":"123","author":"Malarkey","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(90)90142-A","article-title":"Immunoreactive growth hormone-releasing hormone in rat leukocytes","volume":"29","author":"Weigent","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib58","first-page":"628","article-title":"Production of a growth hormone-releasing hormone-like peptide and its mRNA by human lymphocytes","volume":"53","author":"Stephanou","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3109\/00365518409083818","article-title":"Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and somatostatin in leucocytes","volume":"44","author":"Lygren","year":"1984","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11485","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.24.11485","article-title":"Evidence that somatostatin is localized and synthesized in lymphoid organs","volume":"88","author":"Aguila","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.027136","article-title":"Leptin receptor expression on T lymphocytes modulates chronic intestinal inflammation in mice","volume":"53","author":"Siegmund","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.01.011","article-title":"A key role of leptin in the control of regulatory T cell proliferation","volume":"26","author":"De Rosa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2004.00342.x","article-title":"Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 levels and their relation to survival in children with bacterial sepsis and septic shock","volume":"40","author":"Onenli-Mungan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3118","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.7.8605","article-title":"Acute stress response in children with meningococcal sepsis: important differences in the growth hormone\/insulin-like growth factor I axis between nonsurvivors and survivors","volume":"87","author":"de Groof","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib65","first-page":"205","article-title":"Diversity of endotoxin and its impact on pathogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Trent","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Endotoxin Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib66","first-page":"R371","article-title":"Acute alterations in growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis in humans injected with endotoxin","volume":"273","author":"Lang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1996.57.11.1662","article-title":"Endotoxin stimulates in vitro pituitary growth hormone release in eicosanoid-dependent manner","volume":"57","author":"Coleman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.6.6072","article-title":"Endotoxin injection increases growth hormone and somatostatin secretion in sheep","volume":"139","author":"Briard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI10994","article-title":"TNF-alpha downregulates murine hepatic growth hormone receptor expression by inhibiting Sp1 and Sp3 binding","volume":"107","author":"Denson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G646","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00178.2002","article-title":"Interleukin-6 inhibits hepatic growth hormone signaling via upregulation of Cis and Socs-3","volume":"284","author":"Denson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2007.05.013","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) directly suppresses growth hormone receptor (GHR) expression through MyD88-dependent and -independent Toll-like receptor-4\/MD2 complex signaling pathways","volume":"274","author":"Dejkhamron","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199212000-00006","article-title":"Effects of recombinant human growth hormone in patients with severe sepsis","volume":"216","author":"Voerman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909093411102","article-title":"Increased mortality associated with growth hormone treatment in critically ill adults","volume":"341","author":"Takala","year":"1999","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1856","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00581.2006","article-title":"Endotoxin attenuates growth hormone-induced hepatic insulin-like growth factor I expression by inhibiting JAK2\/STAT5 signal transduction and STAT5b DNA binding","volume":"292","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib75","series-title":"Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease","author":"Janeway","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3851","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.149.12.3851","article-title":"Role of neuroendocrine hormones in murine T cell development: growth hormone exerts thymopoietic effects in vivo","volume":"149","author":"Murphy","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4481","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.10.4481","article-title":"Human growth hormone promotes engraftment of murine or human T cells in severe combined immunodeficient mice","volume":"89","author":"Murphy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117320","article-title":"Growth hormone promotes human T cell adhesion and migration to both human and murine matrix proteins in vitro and directly promotes xenogeneic engraftment","volume":"94","author":"Taub","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3005","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0709","article-title":"Growth hormone modulates thymocyte development in vivo through a combined action of laminin and CXC chemokine ligand 12","volume":"146","author":"Smaniotto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V58.2.337.337","article-title":"Growth hormone stimulation of normal and leukemic human T-lymphocyte proliferation in vitro","volume":"58","author":"Mercola","year":"1981","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.5.5108","article-title":"Growth hormone stimulates the proliferation of activated mouse T lymphocytes","volume":"138","author":"Postel-Vinay","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-472X(03)00196-6","article-title":"Growth hormone accelerates immune recovery following allogeneic T-cell-depleted bone marrow transplantation in mice","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.00-0702fje","article-title":"Growth hormone restores glucocorticoid-induced T cell suppression","volume":"15","author":"Dobashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/79724","article-title":"T cell depletion in HIV-1 infection: how CD4+ T cells go out of stock","volume":"1","author":"Hazenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-125-11-199612010-00002","article-title":"Recombinant human growth hormone in patients with HIV-associated wasting. A randomized placebo-controlled trial Serostim Study Group","volume":"125","author":"Schambelan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200205240-00003","article-title":"Increased thymic mass and circulating naive CD4 T cells in HIV-1-infected adults treated with growth hormone","volume":"16","author":"Napolitano","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib87","first-page":"1085","article-title":"Growth hormone enhances thymic function in HIV-1-infected adults","volume":"118","author":"Napolitano","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib88","first-page":"844","article-title":"Growth hormone resurrects adult human thymus during HIV-1 infection","volume":"118","author":"Tesselaar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-5890(00)00018-3","article-title":"The Jak-STAT pathway","volume":"37","author":"Imada","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000185359","article-title":"Growth hormone stimulates production of interferon-gamma by human peripheral mononuclear cells","volume":"48","author":"Mustafa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-6374(03)00034-0","article-title":"Growth hormone enhances proinflammatory cytokine production by monocytes in whole blood","volume":"13","author":"Uronen-Hansson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Growth Horm. IGF Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2007.11.007","article-title":"Prolactin and growth hormone induce differential cytokine and chemokine profile in murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro: involvement of p-38 MAP kinase, STAT3 and NF-kappaB","volume":"41","author":"Sodhi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1490397","article-title":"Stimulating effect of growth hormone on cytokine release in children","volume":"149","author":"Bozzola","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.3.1310","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of growth hormone on TNF-alpha secretion and nuclear factor-kappaB translocation in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human monocytes","volume":"158","author":"Haeffner","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib95","first-page":"58","article-title":"Alterations of monocyte function in patients with growth hormone (GH) deficiency: effect of substitutive GH therapy","volume":"84","author":"Serri","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-668X(03)00480-9","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone on circulating cytokine network, and left ventricular contractile performance and geometry in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"24","author":"Adamopoulos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0068","article-title":"Growth hormone reduces inflammation in postmenopausal women with abdominal obesity: a 12-month, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"92","author":"Franco","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib98","first-page":"3383","article-title":"High-dose growth hormone does not affect proinflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-alpha interleukin-6 and interferon-gamma) release from activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells or after minimal to moderate surgical stress","volume":"85","author":"Zarkesh-Esfahani","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2006-0498","article-title":"Regulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOC3) by growth hormone in pro-B cells","volume":"21","author":"Barclay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib100","first-page":"524","article-title":"Recombinant human growth hormone stimulates B cell immunoglobulin synthesis and proliferation in serum-free medium","volume":"126","author":"Yoshida","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol. (Copenhagen)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib101","first-page":"635","article-title":"Effect of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I on immunoglobulin production by and growth of human B cells","volume":"78","author":"Kimata","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.180.2.727","article-title":"Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I induce immunoglobulin (Ig)E and IgG4 production by human B cells","volume":"180","author":"Kimata","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1999.7282","article-title":"Effects of prolactin and growth hormone on plasma immunoglobulin M levels of hypophysectomized rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss","volume":"115","author":"Yada","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.FPJ04054X","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone on the differentiation of mouse B-lymphoid precursors","volume":"97","author":"Sumita","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/0192-0561(94)90140-6","article-title":"Growth hormone inhibits normal B-cell differentiation and neutrophils\u2019 chemotaxis in vitro","volume":"16","author":"Fornari","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2829357","article-title":"A newly defined property of somatotropin: priming of macrophages for production of superoxide anion","volume":"239","author":"Edwards","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.146.5.1602","article-title":"A novel role of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I. Priming neutrophils for superoxide anion secretion","volume":"146","author":"Fu","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115605","article-title":"Growth hormone augments superoxide anion secretion of human neutrophils by binding to the prolactin receptor","volume":"89","author":"Fu","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.4.1909","article-title":"Growth hormone is a human macrophage activating factor. Priming of human monocytes for enhanced release of H2O2","volume":"154","author":"Warwick-Davies","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.1.1-8.1994","article-title":"Reduction in superoxide anion secretion and bactericidal activity of neutrophils from aged rats: reversal by the combination of gamma interferon and growth hormone","volume":"62","author":"Fu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00171070","article-title":"Superoxide anion release from neutrophils in growth hormone deficient adults before and after replacement therapy with recombinant human growth hormone","volume":"354","author":"Reinisch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Naun. Schmied. Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1991.tb04376.x","article-title":"Priming of normal human neutrophils by recombinant human growth hormone","volume":"78","author":"Wiedermann","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brit. J. Haematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.7.2.226-232.2000","article-title":"Characterization of the priming effect by pituitary canine growth hormone on canine polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocyte function","volume":"7","author":"Petersen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.4.2116","article-title":"Regulation of neutrophil adhesion by pituitary growth hormone accompanies tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak2, p125FAK, and paxillin","volume":"165","author":"Ryu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V82.3.954.954","article-title":"Stimulation of monocyte chemotaxis by human growth hormone and its deactivation by somatostatin","volume":"82","author":"Wiedermann","year":"1993","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-5769(01)00067-4","article-title":"Signal transduction pathways in directed migration of human monocytes induced by human growth hormone in vitro","volume":"1","author":"K\u00e4hler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607198022006368","article-title":"Growth hormone inhibits apoptosis and up-regulates reactive oxygen intermediates production by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils","volume":"22","author":"Matsuda","year":"1998","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter Enteral Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199901)29:01<334::AID-IMMU334>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Growth hormone prevents human monocytic cells from Fas-mediated apoptosis by up-regulating Bcl-2 expression","volume":"29","author":"Haeffner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1159\/000054288","article-title":"Growth hormone prevents Fas-induced apoptosis in lymphocytes through modulation of Bcl-2 and caspase-3","volume":"9","author":"Mitsunaka","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705173","article-title":"Growth hormone protects human lymphocytes from irradiation-induced cell death","volume":"138","author":"Lempereur","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brit. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1159\/000076764","article-title":"The inhibition of apoptosis in EL4 lymphoma cells overexpressing growth hormone","volume":"11","author":"Arnold","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2005.02.006","article-title":"Perioperative treatment with human growth hormone down-regulates apoptosis and increases superoxide production in PMN from patients undergoing infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm repair","volume":"15","author":"Decker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Growth Horm. IGF Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113703","article-title":"Structural and functional characterization of the human T lymphocyte receptor for insulin-like growth factor I in vitro","volume":"82","author":"Tapson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-72-5-1117","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor-I binds selectively to human peripheral blood monocytes and B-lymphocytes","volume":"72","author":"Stuart","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-69-5-978","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor secretion by human B-lymphocytes: a comparison of cells from normal and pygmy subjects","volume":"69","author":"Merimee","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.133.5.8404686","article-title":"Murine macrophages express abundant insulin-like growth factor-I class I Ea and Eb transcripts","volume":"133","author":"Arkins","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib127","first-page":"2663","article-title":"Growth hormone synthesized and secreted by human thymocytes acts via insulin-like growth factor I as an autocrine and paracrine growth factor","volume":"81","author":"Sabharwal P","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib128","first-page":"292","article-title":"The roles of prolactin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, and thyroid hormones in lymphocyte development and function: insights from genetic models of hormone and hormone receptor deficiency","volume":"21","author":"Dorshkind","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000200345.38837.46","article-title":"Circulating levels of leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and ghrelin in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"12","author":"Karmiris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2007.05.009","article-title":"Adipose tissue, serum adipokines, and ghrelin in patients with ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"56","author":"Toussirot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1159\/000090336","article-title":"Ghrelin and leptin elevation in postoperative intra-abdominal sepsis","volume":"37","author":"Maruna","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Surg. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9150-0","article-title":"Role of ghrelin and leptin in predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis","volume":"52","author":"Kerem","year":"2007","journal-title":"Digest. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E486","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00196.2004","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect of the ghrelin agonist growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2) in arthritic rats","volume":"288","author":"Granado","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.20744","article-title":"Ghrelin stimulates interleukin-8 gene expression through protein kinase C-mediated NF-kappaB pathway in human colonic epithelial cells","volume":"97","author":"Zhao","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh055","article-title":"Chronic inflammation modulates ghrelin levels in humans and rats","volume":"43","author":"Otero","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3930","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-1194","article-title":"Bacterial endotoxin induces biphasic changes in plasma ghrelin in healthy humans","volume":"92","author":"Vila","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(03)00312-4","article-title":"Bacterial lipopolysaccharide shifts fasted plasma ghrelin to postprandial levels in rats","volume":"343","author":"Basa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G611","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00533.2005","article-title":"LPS inhibits fasted plasma ghrelin levels in rats: role of IL-1 and PGs and functional implications","volume":"291","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5365","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0427","article-title":"Alterations of plasma ghrelin levels in rats with lipopolysaccharide-induced wasting syndrome and effects of ghrelin treatment on the syndrome","volume":"144","author":"Hataya","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2006.11.022","article-title":"Involvement of stomach ghrelin and hypothalamic neuropeptides in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced hypophagia in mice","volume":"140","author":"Endo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Regulat. Pept."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1296","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00852.2003","article-title":"Upregulation of cardiovascular ghrelin receptor occurs in the hyperdynamic phase of sepsis","volume":"287","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib142","first-page":"45","article-title":"Effect of ghrelin on septic shock in rats","volume":"24","author":"Chang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(03)01972-1","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of ghrelin on endotoxic shock in rats","volume":"473","author":"Chang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2005.06.011","article-title":"Ghrelin improves tissue perfusion in severe sepsis via downregulation of endothelin-1","volume":"68","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200604-511OC","article-title":"Ghrelin attenuates sepsis-induced acute lung injury and mortality in rats","volume":"176","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000251614.42290.ed","article-title":"Ghrelin down-regulates proinflammatory cytokines in sepsis through activation of the vagus nerve","volume":"245","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1697","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00098.2007","article-title":"Ghrelin inhibits sympathetic nervous activity in sepsis","volume":"293","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4195","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.6.4195","article-title":"Immune enhancing effect of a growth hormone secretagogue","volume":"166","author":"Koo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2778","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30248","article-title":"Ghrelin promotes thymopoiesis during aging","volume":"117","author":"Dixit","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000127956.43874.F2","article-title":"Ghrelin inhibits proinflammatory responses and nuclear factor-kappaB activation in human endothelial cells","volume":"109","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib151","first-page":"561","article-title":"Ghrelin attenuates the development of acute pancreatitis in rat","volume":"54","author":"Dembinski","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hepres.2006.06.009","article-title":"Ghrelin ameliorates pancreaticobiliary inflammation and associated remote organ injury in rats","volume":"36","author":"Kas\u0131may","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2007.08.014","article-title":"Ghrelin alleviates biliary obstruction-induced chronic hepatic injury in rats","volume":"146","author":"I\u015feri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Regulat. Pept."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2006.04.009","article-title":"Ghrelin inhibits inflammatory pain in rats: involvement of the opioid system","volume":"51","author":"Sibilia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.01.041","article-title":"Therapeutic action of ghrelin in a mouse model of colitis","volume":"130","author":"Gonzalez-Rey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-0266","volume":"148","author":"Granata","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.1.06187","article-title":"Ghrelin stimulates phagocytosis and superoxide production in fish leukocytes","volume":"189","author":"Yada","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2006.08.010","article-title":"Effect of ghrelin administration on phagocytic activity in acute cold-restraint stress exposed rats","volume":"138","author":"T\u00fcmer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Regulat. Pept."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2005.04.020","article-title":"Ghrelin stimulates proliferation and differentiation and inhibits apoptosis in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-0991","article-title":"Ghrelin inhibits apoptosis in hypothalamic neuronal cells during oxygen-glucose deprivation","volume":"148","author":"Chung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3181\/0706-RM-169","article-title":"Suppression of intestinal mucosal apoptosis by ghrelin in fasting rats","author":"Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2003-0459","article-title":"The mitogenic and antiapoptotic actions of ghrelin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200207165","article-title":"Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin inhibit cell death in cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells through ERK1\/2 and PI 3-kinase\/AKT","volume":"23","author":"Baldanzi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-08-0160","article-title":"Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase\/Akt\/glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta and ERK1\/2 pathways mediate protective effects of acylated and unacylated ghrelin against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced apoptosis in primary rat cortical neuronal cells","volume":"198","author":"Chung","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200319451","article-title":"Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance","volume":"112","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI20514","article-title":"Obesity-induced inflammatory changes in adipose tissue","volume":"112","author":"Wellen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-2204com","article-title":"Weight loss regulates inflammation-related genes in white adipose tissue of obese subjects","volume":"18","author":"Cl\u00e9ment","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-07-2599","article-title":"The origins of age-related proinflammatory state","volume":"105","author":"Ferrucci","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"}],"container-title":["Growth Hormone &amp; IGF Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1096637408001457?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1096637408001457?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T22:45:16Z","timestamp":1761086716000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1096637408001457"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"references-count":168,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1096637408001457"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1096-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1096-6374","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Expression, regulation and biological actions of growth hormone (GH) and ghrelin in the immune system","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Growth Hormone & IGF Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ghir.2008.12.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}