{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T09:28:12Z","timestamp":1773134892759,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Growth Hormone & IGF Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T23:39:16Z","timestamp":1771198756000},"page":"101687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Pituitary hormone abnormalities following military-related traumatic brain injuries"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Megan","family":"Herodes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose M.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7048a3","article-title":"Incidence of nonfatal traumatic brain injury-related hospitalizations - United States, 2018","volume":"70","author":"Peterson","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Mrb. Mortal. Wkly Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0010","series-title":"Surveillance Report of Traumatic Brain Injury-related Deaths by Age Group, Sex, and Mechanism of Injury\u2014United States, 2018 and 2019, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","author":"Peterson","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0015","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparison of self-reported lifetime concussions and mild traumatic brain injuries among adults","volume":"9","author":"Daugherty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0020","author":"Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence (TBI CoE)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0025","series-title":"U.S. Completes Troop-Level Drawdown in Afghanistan, Iraq","author":"Garamore","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0030","series-title":"1. Deployment, combat and their consequences","author":"Parker","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.04.012","article-title":"Military traumatic brain injury: a review","volume":"10","author":"Chapman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.0245","article-title":"The mayo classification system for traumatic brain injury severity","volume":"24","author":"Malec","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2022.0213","article-title":"Lifetime traumatic brain injury and risk of post-concussive symptoms in the Millennium Cohort Study","volume":"41","author":"Jannace","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000052368.97573.D4","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury in U.S. Army paratroopers: prevalence and character","volume":"55","author":"Ivins","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.44.s10.3.x","article-title":"The epidemiology of traumatic brain injury: a review","volume":"44","author":"Bruns","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000417","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury following military deployment: evaluation of diagnosis and cause of injury","volume":"34","author":"Regasa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0065","article-title":"Demographics profile of the military community","volume":"2023","author":"U.S. Department of Defense","year":"2023","journal-title":"Military One Source"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0070","series-title":"Report to Congress on Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Epidemiology and Rehabilitation","author":"National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70120-6","article-title":"The glasgow coma scale at 40 years: standing the test of time","volume":"13","author":"Teasdale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0080","series-title":"Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations and Deaths 2002-2006","author":"Faul","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e3181bd090f","article-title":"Mild traumatic brain injury (concussion) during combat: lack of association of blast mechanism with persistent postconcussive symptoms","volume":"25","author":"Wilk","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5332","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1454-5","article-title":"Animal models of traumatic brain injury and assessment of injury severity","volume":"56","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.203","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury: an overview of pathobiology with emphasis on military populations","volume":"30","author":"Cernak","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra042083","article-title":"Blast injuries","volume":"352","author":"DePalma","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0105","article-title":"Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in blast-exposed military veterans and a blast neurotrauma mouse model","volume":"4","author":"Goldstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2550","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-011-0343-0","article-title":"Skull flexure as a contributing factor in the mechanism of injury in the rat when exposed to a shock wave","volume":"39","author":"Bolander","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2006.07.018","article-title":"Measurement of blast wave by a miniature fiber optic pressure transducer in the rat brain","volume":"159","author":"Chavko","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2010.11.019","article-title":"Relationship between orientation to a blast and pressure wave propagation inside the rat brain","volume":"195","author":"Chavko","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2012.00070","article-title":"Porcine head response to blast","volume":"3","author":"Shridharani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2013.00088","article-title":"Brain response to primary blast wave using validated finite element models of human head and advanced combat helmet","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2010.10.025","article-title":"The pathobiology of blast injuries and blast-induced neurotrauma as identified using a new experimental model of injury in mice","volume":"41","author":"Cernak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E596","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e3182041992","article-title":"History and evidence regarding hydrostatic shock","volume":"68","author":"Courtney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198707000-00016","article-title":"Peripheral high-energy missile hits cause pressure changes and damage to the nervous system: experimental studies on pigs","volume":"27","author":"Suneson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199003000-00007","article-title":"Pressure wave injuries to the nervous system caused by high-energy missile extremity impact: part II. Distant effects on the central nervous system--a light and electron microscopic study on pigs","volume":"30","author":"Suneson","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00221","article-title":"The complexity of biomechanics causing primary blast-induced traumatic brain injury: a review of potential mechanisms","volume":"6","author":"Courtney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050903283213","article-title":"A population-based study of repetitive traumatic brain injury among persons with traumatic brain injury","volume":"23","author":"Saunders","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4618","article-title":"Mild traumatic brain injury: Longitudinal study of cognition, functional status, and post-traumatic symptoms","volume":"34","author":"Dikmen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-314279","article-title":"Long-term health outcomes after exposure to repeated concussion in elite level: rugby union players","volume":"88","author":"McMillan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychaitry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3579","article-title":"Frequency and impact of recurrent traumatic brain injury in a population-based sample","volume":"32","author":"Theadom","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000002811","article-title":"How repetitive traumatic injury alters long-term brain function","volume":"89","author":"Dhillon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2016.11.028","article-title":"The accumulation of brain injury leads to severe neuropathological and neurobehavioral changes after repetitive mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"1657","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.510","article-title":"Lifelong behavioral and neuropathological consequences of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"5","author":"Mouzon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws307","article-title":"The spectrum of disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy","volume":"136","author":"McKee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072972","article-title":"Mild traumatic brain injury in U.S. Soldiers returning from Iraq","volume":"358","author":"Hoge","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0205","first-page":"479","article-title":"Blood-based biomarkers of repetitive, subconcussive blast overpressure exposure in the training environment: a pilot study","volume":"3","author":"Agoston","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurotrauma Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.03.006","article-title":"The effect of repetitive subconcussive collisions on brain integrity in collegiate football players over a single football season: a multi-modal neuroimaging study","volume":"14","author":"Slobounov","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000064","article-title":"Relation of repeated low-level blast exposure with symptomology similar to concussion","volume":"30","author":"Carr","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-15-00137","article-title":"Repeated low-level blast exposure: a descriptive human subjects study","volume":"181","author":"Carr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0225","article-title":"Early brain amyloid accumulation at PET in military instructors exposed to subconcussive blast injuries","volume":"5","author":"Leiva-Salinas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7141","article-title":"Functional and structural neuroimaging correlates of repetitive low-level blast exposure in career breachers","volume":"37","author":"Stone","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E15","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000030","article-title":"White matter compromise in veterans exposed to primary blast forces","volume":"30","author":"Taber","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2683","article-title":"Serum brain biomarker level, neurocognitive performance, and self-reported symptom changes in soldiers repeatedly exposed to low-level blast: a breacher pilot study","volume":"30","author":"Tate","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1159\/000529327","article-title":"Post-traumatic hypopituitarism: a neglected consequence of traumatic brain injury","volume":"113","author":"Ka\u0142as","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0250","first-page":"1261","article-title":"Hypophysensch\u00e4digung durch Sch\u00e4delbasisfraktur","volume":"44","author":"Cyran","year":"1918","journal-title":"Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00008","article-title":"Post-traumatic hypopituitarism-who should be screened, when, and how?","volume":"9","author":"Quinn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3323","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133323","article-title":"Growth hormone deficiency following traumatic brain injury","volume":"20","author":"Kgosidialwa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0265","series-title":"The Pituitary (Fourth Edition)","first-page":"23","article-title":"Chapter 2 \u2013 Hypothalamic regulation of anterior pituitary function","author":"Ben-Shlomo","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-019-00961-z","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury and resultant pituitary dysfunction: insights from experimental animal models","volume":"22","author":"Vennekens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002892","article-title":"Relationship between anterior pituitary volume and IGF-1 serum levels in soldiers with mild traumatic brain injury history","volume":"54","author":"Castellano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-024-03088-3","article-title":"Acute and chronic hypopituitarism following traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Aljboor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000046","article-title":"Clinical outcomes, predictors, and prevalence of anterior pituitary disorders following traumatic brain injury: a systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Lauzier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23958","article-title":"Pituitary dysfunction after blast traumatic brain injury: the UK BIOSAP study","volume":"74","author":"Baxter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00072","article-title":"Chronic hypopituitarism associated with increased postconcussive symptoms is prevalent after blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"9","author":"Undurti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2022.2068185","article-title":"Relation of mild traumatic brain injury history to abnormalities on a preliminary neuroendocrine screen; a multicenter LIMBIC-CENC analysi","volume":"36","author":"Walker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2227","article-title":"Evaluation and treatment of adult growth hormone deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"91","author":"Molitch","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3059","article-title":"Reference intervals for insulin-like growth factor-1 (igf-i) from birth to senescence: results from a multicenter study using a new automated chemiluminescence IGF-I immunoassay conforming to recent international recommendations","volume":"99","author":"Bidlingmaier","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24604","article-title":"Neuroendocrine function and associated mental health outcomes following mild traumatic brain injury in OEF-deployed service members","volume":"98","author":"Ciarlone","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvab005","article-title":"Experience of a pituitary clinic for US Military veterans with traumatic brain injury","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Endocr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-014-0606-5","article-title":"Growth hormone deficiency after mild combat-related traumatic brain injury","volume":"18","author":"Ioachimescu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0330","series-title":"Endotext","article-title":"Adult growth hormone deficiency \u2013 clinical management","author":"Feldt-Rasmussen","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0335","first-page":"11","article-title":"Neuroendocrine dysfunction following mild TBI: when to screen for it","volume":"63","author":"West","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Fam. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000009","article-title":"The structure of postconcussion symptoms on the neurobehavioral symptom inventory: a comparison of alternative models","volume":"30","author":"Vanderploeg","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0345","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision","article-title":"Anxiety disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0350","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision","article-title":"Depressive disorder","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4969","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28134969","article-title":"Understanding the Mechanisms of Action and Effects of Drugs of abuse","volume":"28","author":"Ciuc\u0103 Anghel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2011.01187.x","article-title":"Long-term consequences of chronic pain: mounting evidence for pain as a neurological disease and parallels with other chronic disease states","volume":"12","author":"Fine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13395-022-00309-5","article-title":"The prevalence of low muscle mass associated with obesity in the USA","volume":"12","author":"Murdock","year":"2022","journal-title":"Skelet. Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05482","article-title":"Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes","volume":"444","author":"Kahn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5041218","article-title":"Dyslipidemia in obesity: mechanisms and potential targets","volume":"5","author":"Klop","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2017.75","article-title":"The relationship between obesity and hypertension: an updated comprehensive overview on vicious twins","volume":"40","author":"Leggio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0081-2016","article-title":"Exertional dyspnoea in obesity","volume":"25","author":"Bernhardt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0390","first-page":"94","article-title":"Muscle atrophy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: roles of inflammatory pathways, physical activity and exercise","volume":"22","author":"Perry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exerc. Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3525-8","article-title":"Pathophysiology of diabetic dyslipidaemia: where are we?","volume":"58","author":"Verg\u00e8","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.17981","article-title":"Hypertension in diabetes: an update of basic mechanisms and clinical disease","volume":"78","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2014.12.033","article-title":"Association of exercise intolerance in type 2 diabetes with skeletal muscle blood flow reserve","volume":"8","author":"Sacre","year":"2015","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2007.118","article-title":"Short sleep duration and weight gain: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Patel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202101-060OC","article-title":"Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on weight and local adiposity in adults with obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-024-01493-8","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with increased risk of early-onset sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity: results from NHANES 2015-2018","volume":"48","author":"Tao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00190208","article-title":"Inspiratory muscle dysfunction in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"35","author":"Chien","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2024.102006","article-title":"The association between obstructive sleep apnea and osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"78","author":"Chan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wjorl.2015.08.001","article-title":"Clinical consequences and economic costs of untreated obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Knauert","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Otorhinolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.09.027","article-title":"Exercise tolerance in untreated OSA: Role of pulmonary gas exchange and systemic vascular abnormalities","volume":"163","author":"Elbehairy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2018.06.013","article-title":"Impaired cerebral oxygenation and exercise tolerance in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"51","author":"Marillier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-021-02475-0","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with moderate-severe obesity: a clinical evaluation tool for OSA?","volume":"26","author":"Vecchiato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2016.11.004","article-title":"Exercise tolerance in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea (OSAH), before and after CPAP treatment: effects of autonomic dysfunction improvement","volume":"236","author":"Quadri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.009056","article-title":"Comparison of cardiovascular health between US Army and civilians","volume":"8","author":"Shrestha","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-13-00430","article-title":"A comparison of obesity prevalence: Military health system and United States populations, 2009-2012","volume":"179","author":"Eilerman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.04.022","article-title":"Adult-onset hypogonadism","volume":"91","author":"Khera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1097\/00019616-200205000-00009","article-title":"Central hypothyroidism","volume":"12","author":"Gudmundsdottir","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/00019616-200301000-00010","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of hyperprolactinemia","volume":"13","author":"Wand","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61684-0","article-title":"Adrenal insufficiency","volume":"383","author":"Charmandari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.09.011","article-title":"Secondary adrenal insufficiency: recent updates and new directions for diagnosis and management","volume":"28","author":"Gruber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1159\/000012273","article-title":"Emotional aspects of hyperprolactinemia","volume":"67","author":"Sobrinho","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.4158\/EP14567.DSCR","article-title":"American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology disease state clinical review: a neuroendocrine approach to patients with traumatic brain injury","volume":"21","author":"Tritos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405","article-title":"American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology guidelines for management of growth hormone deficiency in adults and patients transitioning from pediatric to adult care","volume":"25","author":"Yuen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0179","article-title":"Evaluation and treatment of adult growth hormone deficiency: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Molitch","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0520","first-page":"541","article-title":"Manifesto for the current understanding and management of traumatic brain injury-induced hypopituitarism","volume":"34","author":"Tanriverdi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.4158\/EP161407.DSCR","volume":"22","author":"Yuen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-00665","article-title":"Macimorelin as a diagnostic test for adult GH deficiency","volume":"103","author":"Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050400025315","article-title":"Consensus guidelines on screening for hypopituitarism following traumatic brain injury","volume":"17","author":"Ghigo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1586\/eem.11.59","article-title":"Pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injury: screening and hormone replacement","volume":"6","author":"Guttikonda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-019-00937-z","article-title":"Pituitary dysfunction due to sports-related traumatic brain injury","volume":"22","author":"Hacioglu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2023.101544","article-title":"Metabolic and quality of life effects of growth hormone replacement in patients with TBI and AGHD: a pilot study","volume":"71","author":"Herodes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Growth Hormon. IGF Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8534","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87385-7","article-title":"Growth hormone deficiency testing and treatment following mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"11","author":"Mercier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4552","article-title":"Functional changes after recombinant human growth hormone replacement in patients with chronic traumatic brain injury and abnormal growth hormone secretion","volume":"34","author":"Mossberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200304050-00003","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of endocrine disorders: a guide for dermatologists","volume":"4","author":"Jabbour","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.08.034","article-title":"Etiology of anemia in patients with advanced heart failure","volume":"48","author":"Nanas","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1835","article-title":"Management of low blood pressure in ambulatory heart failure with reduced ejection fraction patients","volume":"22","author":"Cautela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.01.072","article-title":"Exercise intolerance in patients with heart failure: JACC state-of-the-art review","volume":"73","author":"Del Buono","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2022.155348","article-title":"Revisiting skeletal myopathy and exercise training in heart failure: emerging role of myokines","volume":"138","author":"Ram\u00edrez-V\u00e9lez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0590","article-title":"Causal relationship between cardiovascular diseases and vestibular dysfunction: A 2-sample Mendelian randomization study","volume":"104","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0595","article-title":"Anemia in chronic kidney disease: From pathophysiology and current treatments, to future agents","volume":"26","author":"Portol\u00e9s","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.10.021","article-title":"Blood pressure modifies outcomes in patients with stage 3 to 5 chronic kidney disease","volume":"97","author":"Chiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-023-03448-z","article-title":"Impairments of functional exercise capacity, muscle strength, balance and kinesiophobia in patients with chronic kidney disease: A cross-sectional study","volume":"25","author":"Katayif\u00e7i","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6047","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116047","article-title":"Muscle-wasting in chronic kidney disease: Mechanism and clinical implications - a narrative review","volume":"23","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2017.1338493","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease as a risk factor for vestibular dysfunction","volume":"129","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2022.100487","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of CKD in the US military health system: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"4","author":"Oliver","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3766","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa499","article-title":"Prevalence of opioid-induced adrenal insufficiency in patients taking chronic opioids","volume":"105","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000181735.51183.A7","article-title":"Acute secondary adrenal insufficiency after traumatic brain injury: a prospective study","volume":"33","author":"Cohan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.06.001","article-title":"Pituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury or subarachnoid haemorrhage - in \u201cEndocrine Management in the Intensive Care Unit\u201d","volume":"25","author":"Hannon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3117","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae855","article-title":"Performance of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and baseline cortisol in assessing adrenal insufficiency","volume":"110","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2022.04.003","article-title":"New diagnostic cutoffs for adrenal insufficiency after cosyntropin stimulation using abbott architect cortisol immunoassay","volume":"28","author":"Zha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-924254","article-title":"Hypopituitarism following severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"114","author":"Herrmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-024-09904-x","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury and prolactin","volume":"25","author":"Hacioglu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2007.10.016","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of pituitary gland diseases","volume":"26","author":"Davidovici","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1692","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Melmed","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2018.04.006","article-title":"Male and female hypogonadism","volume":"53","author":"Richard-Eaglin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nurs. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/94.1.165","article-title":"Hypothalamic lesions following closed head injury","volume":"94","author":"Crompton","year":"1971","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0680","article-title":"The complex relationship between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, hypogonadism and testosterone replacement therapy","volume":"5","author":"Granziani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Reprod. Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8050732","article-title":"Substance abuse and male hypogonadism","volume":"8","author":"Duca","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.02.002","article-title":"Anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism: diagnosis and treatment, Fertil","volume":"101","author":"Rahnema","year":"2014","journal-title":"Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14633","article-title":"Society for Endocrinology guidelines for testosterone replacement therapy in male hypogonadism","volume":"96","author":"Jayasena","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.15097","article-title":"Society for Endocrinology guideline for understanding, diagnosing and treating female hypogonadism","volume":"101","author":"Jayasena","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-022-01672-3","article-title":"Endocrine dysfunction after traumatic brain injury: An ignored clinical syndrome?","volume":"39","author":"Mahajan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurocrit. Care."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-00229","article-title":"Testosterone therapy in men with hypogonadism: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"103","author":"Bhasin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6085","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0504","article-title":"Residual pituitary function after brain injury-induced hypopituitarism: a prospective 12-month study","volume":"90","author":"Aimaretti","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"2018","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1159\/000491388","article-title":"European Thyroid Association (ETA) guidelines on the diagnosis and management of central hypothyroidism","volume":"7","author":"Persani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Thyroid J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354916669324","article-title":"Are internalized metals a long-term health hazard for military veterans?","volume":"131","author":"Kalinich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1017\/S204579601600024X","article-title":"Prevalence and severity of mental disorders in military personnel: a standardised comparison with civilians","volume":"26","author":"Trautmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2564","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302836","article-title":"Prevalence, comorbidity, and prognosis of mental health among US veterans","volume":"105","author":"Trivedi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2022.2033846","article-title":"Traumatic Brain Injury and Early Onset Dementia in Post 9-11 Veterans","volume":"36","author":"Kennedy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"issue":"2020","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0745","first-page":"E429","article-title":"Pain","volume":"23","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.11124\/jbisrir-2014-1720","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic pain and related risk factors in military veterans: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Van Den Kerkhof","year":"2014","journal-title":"JBI Database System Rev. Implement. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e31815b35aa","article-title":"Amputations in U.S. military personnel in the current conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq","volume":"22","author":"Stansbury","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0760","author":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0765","author":"VA Cooperative Studies Program"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0770","series-title":"Last Troops Exit Afghanistan, Ending America\u2019s Longest War","author":"Burns","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687_bb0775","series-title":"Proceedings of the NATO RTO-MP-HFM-207 Symposium on a Survey of Blast Injury across the Full Landscape of Military Science","first-page":"1","article-title":"Epidemiology of mTBI (mild traumatic brain injury) due to blast: history, DOD\/VA data bases: challenges and opportunities","author":"DePalma","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["Growth Hormone & IGF Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1096637426000092?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1096637426000092?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T19:33:38Z","timestamp":1773084818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1096637426000092"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":154,"alternative-id":["S1096637426000092"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687","relation":{},"ISSN":["1096-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1096-6374","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pituitary hormone abnormalities following military-related traumatic brain injuries","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Growth Hormone & IGF Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101687","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101687"}}