{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,15]],"date-time":"2026-11-15T04:18:36Z","timestamp":1794716316500,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Growth Hormone & IGF Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:11:12Z","timestamp":1787008272000},"page":"101721","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Precision medicine in pediatric growth disorders: Integrating clinical phenotype, genetics, IGF-1 biology and artificial intelligence"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"85","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9585-9461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashraf T.","family":"Soliman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fawzia","family":"Alyafei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nada","family":"Alaaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noor","family":"Hamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shayma","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2021.101408","article-title":"Digital technologies to improve the precision of paediatric growth disorder diagnosis and management","volume":"59","author":"Dunkel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Growth Hormon. IGF Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2040064.032","article-title":"Deciphering short stature in children","volume":"25","author":"Polidori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000001033","article-title":"Genetic evaluation in children with short stature","volume":"33","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvag011","article-title":"Diagnostic yield of genetic testing in children with short stature: a systematic review","volume":"194","author":"Scalco","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgg.2021.02.008","article-title":"Exome sequencing reveals genetic architecture in patients with isolated or syndromic short stature","volume":"48","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Genet. Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-11-96","article-title":"The role of height-associated loci identified in genome wide association studies in the determination of pediatric stature","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Med. Genet."},{"issue":"7933","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05275-y","article-title":"A saturated map of common genetic variants associated with human height","volume":"610","author":"Yengo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab215","article-title":"A polygenic risk score to predict future adult short stature among children","volume":"106","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac609","article-title":"Serum IGF-1 to IGFBP-3 molar ratio: a promising diagnostic tool for growth hormone deficiency in children","volume":"108","author":"Haj-Ahmad","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2005","article-title":"Growth hormone (GH) pharmacogenetics: influence of GH receptor exon 3 retention or deletion on first-year growth response and final height in patients with severe GH deficiency","volume":"91","author":"Jorge","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0026","article-title":"Editorial: the pharmacogenomics of human growth","volume":"91","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1581","article-title":"The d3-growth hormone (GH) receptor polymorphism is associated with increased responsiveness to GH in turner syndrome and short small-for-gestational-age children","volume":"91","author":"Binder","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3721","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0425","article-title":"Impact of the exon 3-deleted growth hormone (GH) receptor polymorphism on baseline height and the growth response to recombinant human GH therapy in GH-deficient (GHD) and non-GHD children with short stature: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"94","author":"Wassenaar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0474","article-title":"GH deficiency status combined with GH receptor polymorphism affects response to GH in children","volume":"173","author":"Valsesia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0075","first-page":"167","article-title":"Height gains in response to growth hormone treatment to final height are similar in patients with SHOX deficiency and turner syndrome","volume":"71","author":"Blum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.4.5634","article-title":"Derivation and validation of a mathematical model for predicting the response to exogenous recombinant human growth hormone (GH) in prepubertal children with idiopathic GH deficiency","volume":"84","author":"Ranke","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200010000-00010","article-title":"Validated multivariate models predicting the growth response to GH treatment in individual short children with a broad range in GH secretion capacities","volume":"48","author":"Albertsson-Wikland","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2019-0311","article-title":"Machine learning-based prediction of response to growth hormone treatment in turner syndrome: the LG growth study","volume":"33","author":"Jung","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.93247","article-title":"Transcriptomics and machine learning predict diagnosis and severity of growth hormone deficiency","volume":"3","author":"Murray","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017170236","article-title":"Performance of a deep-learning neural network model in assessing skeletal maturity on pediatric hand radiographs","volume":"287","author":"Larson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0105","article-title":"Artificial intelligence system can achieve comparable results to experts for bone age assessment of Chinese children with abnormal growth and development","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2020.1468","article-title":"Clinical validation of a deep learning-based hybrid (Greulich-Pyle and modified Tanner-Whitehouse) method for bone age assessment","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J. Radiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-022-03727-y","article-title":"Effect of AI-assisted software on inter- and intra-observer variability for the X-ray bone age assessment of preschool children","volume":"22","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0120","article-title":"Enhancing pediatric bone age assessment using artificial intelligence: implications for orthopedic surgery","volume":"17","author":"Zadoo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-022-01918-2","article-title":"Use of machine learning to identify patients at risk of sub-optimal adherence: study based on real-world data from 10,929 children using a connected auto-injector device","volume":"22","author":"Spataru","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6823-11-4","article-title":"Treatment adherence with the easypod growth hormone electronic auto-injector and patient acceptance: survey results from 824 children and their parents","volume":"11","author":"Bozzola","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Endocr. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/32626","article-title":"Adherence to growth hormone treatment using a connected device in Latin America: real-world exploratory descriptive analysis study","volume":"10","author":"Assefi","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S271453","article-title":"Adherence to r-hGH therapy in pediatric growth hormone deficiency: current perspectives on how patient-generated data will transform r-hGH treatment towards integrated care","volume":"16","author":"Savage","year":"2022","journal-title":"Patient Prefer. Adherence."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.715705","article-title":"Digital health for supporting precision medicine in pediatric endocrine disorders: opportunities for improved patient care","volume":"9","author":"Fernandez-Luque","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0150","first-page":"469","article-title":"A digital health solution for child growth monitoring at home: testing the accuracy of a novel \u201cGrowthMonitor\u201d smartphone application to detect abnormal height and body mass indices","volume":"1","author":"Thaventhiran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc. Digit. Health."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2023-0287","article-title":"Artificial intelligence (AI) in pediatric endocrinology","volume":"36","author":"Winkelman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-024-03938-6","article-title":"A comprehensive systematic review of health-related quality of life measures in short stature paediatric patients","volume":"86","author":"Adedeji","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2006.11.008","article-title":"Value of insulin-like growth factor system markers in the assessment of growth hormone status","volume":"36","author":"Clemmons","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8061","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-58616-4","article-title":"Long-acting growth hormone in the treatment of growth hormone deficiency in children: a systematic literature review and network meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/42904","article-title":"Validation of 3 computer-aided facial phenotyping tools (DeepGestalt, GestaltMatcher, and D-score): comparative diagnostic accuracy study","volume":"26","author":"Reiter","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0180","article-title":"An artificial intelligence-based bone age assessment model for Han and Tibetan children","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1813446","article-title":"C-type natriuretic peptide analogue therapy in children with achondroplasia","volume":"381","author":"Savarirayan","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."}],"container-title":["Growth Hormone & IGF Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1096637426000432?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1096637426000432?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,15]],"date-time":"2026-11-15T03:37:13Z","timestamp":1794713833000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1096637426000432"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["S1096637426000432"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721","relation":{},"ISSN":["1096-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1096-6374","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Precision medicine in pediatric growth disorders: Integrating clinical phenotype, genetics, IGF-1 biology and artificial intelligence","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Growth Hormone & IGF Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ghir.2026.101721","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101721"}}