{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:33:20Z","timestamp":1789644800902,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","giejournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gastrointestinal Endoscopy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T06:39:16Z","timestamp":1757918356000},"page":"438-450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Sedation and anesthesia in gastrointestinal endoscopy in 2025: how, who, and why"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Alberto","family":"Tringali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2017.07.018","article-title":"Guidelines for sedation and anesthesia in GI endoscopy","volume":"87","author":"Early","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.06.002","article-title":"AGA Institute review of endoscopic sedation","volume":"133","author":"Cohen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1393414","article-title":"Non-anesthesiology administration of propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopy. European Society of gastrointestinal endoscopy, European Society of gastroenterology and endoscopy nurse and Associates","volume":"47","author":"Dumonceau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib4","unstructured":"Green J. Complications of gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gut 2006; 55(suppl 5)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.607","article-title":"Position statement: non-anesthesiologist administration of propofol for GI endoscopy","volume":"104","author":"Vargo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2017.08.038","article-title":"Italian Society of Digestive Endoscopy (SIED) position paper on the non-anesthesiology administration of propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopy","volume":"49","author":"Conigliaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dig Liv Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib7","first-page":"195","article-title":"Sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy. Clinical practice guidelines of the Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Endoscopia Digestiva","volume":"106","author":"Igea","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Esp Enferm Dig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/268320","article-title":"Propofol use for sedation during endoscopy in adults: a Canadian Association of Gastroenterology position statement","volume":"22","author":"Byrne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-330396","article-title":"British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy","volume":"73","author":"Sidhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2021.282","article-title":"2021 korean society of gastrointestinal endoscopy clinical practice guidelines for endoscopic sedation","volume":"55","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0398-8","article-title":"Anxiety associated with colonoscopy and flexible sigmoidoscopy: a systematic review","volume":"113","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001452","article-title":"Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: application to Healthy patients undergoing elective procedures","volume":"126","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2011.07.005","article-title":"Anesthesiologist involvement in screening colonoscopy: temporal trends and cost implications in the medicare population","volume":"10","author":"Khiani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib14","first-page":"425","article-title":"Sedation in digestive endoscopy: the Athens international position statements. Aliment","volume":"32","author":"Cohen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2008.10.027","article-title":"Unsedated colonoscopy: patient characteristics and satisfaction in a community-based endoscopy unit","volume":"69","author":"Petrini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2014.896411","article-title":"Endoscopy nurse-administered propofol sedation performance. Development of an assessment tool and a reliability testing model","volume":"49","author":"Jensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.34232","article-title":"Gastroenterologist-administered propofol versus meperidine and midazolam for advanced upper endoscopy: a prospective, randomized trial","volume":"123","author":"Vargo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.41672.x","article-title":"Sedation with propofol for routine ERCP in high-risk octogenarians: a randomized, controlled study","volume":"100","author":"Riphaus","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(99)70281-6","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of intravenous propofol sedation during routine ERCP: a prospective, controlled study","volume":"49","author":"Wehrmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520701679181","article-title":"Sedation with propofol for interventional endoscopic procedures: a risk factor analysis","volume":"43","author":"Wehrmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2007.01.037","article-title":"Propofol sedation during endoscopic procedures: how much staff and monitoring are necessary?","volume":"66","author":"K\u00fclling","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2013.12.015","article-title":"Guidelines for safety in the gastrointestinal endoscopy unit","volume":"79","author":"Calderwood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anclin.2014.02.006","article-title":"Nonoperating room anesthesia for the gastrointestinal endoscopy suite","volume":"32","author":"Tetzlaff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesthesiol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.266","article-title":"Anesthesia service use during outpatient gastroenterology procedures continued to increase from 2010 to 2013 and potentially discretionary spending remained high","volume":"112","author":"Predmore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2016.06.025","article-title":"The endoscopist, the anesthesiologists, and safety in GI endoscopy","volume":"85","author":"Repici","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07605.x","article-title":"Nurse-administered propofol sedation without anesthesia specialists in 9152 endoscopic cases in an ambulatory surgery center","volume":"98","author":"Walker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(04)00349-9","article-title":"Moderate level sedation during endoscopy: a prospective study using low-dose propofol, meperidine\/fentanyl, and midazolam","volume":"59","author":"Cohen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1255728","article-title":"European society of gastrointestinal endoscopy, European society of gastroenterology and endoscopy nurses and associates, and the European society of anaesthesiology guideline: non-anesthesiologist administration of propofol for GI endoscopy","volume":"42","author":"Dumonceau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(05)00742-1","article-title":"Propofol versus traditional sedative agents for gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Qadeer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1291421","article-title":"Moderate sedation for elective upper endoscopy with balanced propofol versus fentanyl and midazolam alone: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"44","author":"Levitzky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2014.47.2.135","article-title":"Sedation regimens for gastrointestinal endoscopy","volume":"47","author":"Moon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1170","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1709","article-title":"Microstream capnography improves patient monitoring during moderate sedation: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"117","author":"Lightdale","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200204000-00031","article-title":"Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by non anesthesiologists","volume":"96","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-009-0410-x","article-title":"Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) guidelines for office endoscopic services","volume":"23","author":"Heneghan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2010.02.017","article-title":"Minimum staffing requirements for the performance of GI endoscopy","volume":"72","author":"Jain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/01.SGA.0000334034.94370.bf","article-title":"Supplemental oxygen during moderate sedation and the occurrence of clinically significant desaturation during endoscopic procedures","volume":"31","author":"Rozario","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-8180(94)00042-3","article-title":"Hypoxemia during outpatient gastrointestinal endoscopy: the effects of sedation and supplemental oxygen","volume":"7","author":"Patterson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib38","first-page":"2186","article-title":"Supplemental oxygen during endoscopic variceal ligation: effects on arterial oxygenation and cardiac arrhythmia","volume":"90","author":"Iwao","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.7.973","article-title":"Does nasal oxygen reduce the cardiorespiratory problems experienced by elderly patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography?","volume":"33","author":"Haines","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(90)70917-0","article-title":"Nasal oxygen alleviates hypoxemia in colonoscopy patients sedated with midazolam and meperidine","volume":"36","author":"Gross","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(92)70468-4","article-title":"Supplemental low flow oxygen prevents hypoxia during endoscopic cholangiopancreatography","volume":"38","author":"Crantock","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.11.1492","article-title":"Effects of supplemental oxygen on cardiac rhythm during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a randomised controlled double blind trial","volume":"34","author":"Bowling","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(92)70424-6","article-title":"Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a prospective randomized study comparing continuous supplemental oxygen via the nasal or oral route","volume":"38","author":"Bell","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1067\/mge.2002.124208","article-title":"Automated graphic assessment of respiratory activity is superior to pulse oximetry and visual assessment for the detection of early respiratory depression during therapeutic upper endoscopy","volume":"55","author":"Vargo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2007.12.046","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials of moderate sedation for routine endoscopic procedures","volume":"67","author":"Mcquaid","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.02080.x","article-title":"Propofol versus midazolam and meperidine for conscious sedation in GI endoscopy","volume":"95","author":"Koshy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2011.619274","article-title":"Nurse-administered propofol sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures: first Nordic results from implementation of a structured training program","volume":"46","author":"Slagelse","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.06.042","article-title":"Endoscopist-directed administration of propofol: a worldwide safety experience","volume":"137","author":"Dk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2008.02.092","article-title":"Nurse-administered propofol sedation compared with midazolam and meperidine for EUS: a prospective, randomized trial","volume":"68","author":"DE Witt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2013.812237","article-title":"Sedation-associated complications in endoscopy are not reduced significantly by implementation of the German S-3-guideline and occur in a severe manner only in patients with ASA class III and higher","volume":"48","author":"Dietrich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2015.03.003","article-title":"Target Controlled Infusion for non-anaesthesiologist propofol sedation during gastrointestinal endoscopy: the first double blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"47","author":"Fanti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2004.01.002","article-title":"Patient-controlled analgesia and sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy","volume":"14","author":"K\u00fclling","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1344142","article-title":"European curriculum for sedation training in gastrointestinal endoscopy: position statement of the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) and European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates (ESGENA)","volume":"45","author":"Dumonceau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2011.07.072","article-title":"Propofol sedation alone or in combination with pharyngeal lidocaine anesthesia for routine upper GI endoscopy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority trial","volume":"74","author":"Ludwig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib55","first-page":"21","article-title":"Guidelines for sedation in gastroenterological endoscopy (second edition)","volume":"33","author":"Gotoda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.4253\/wjge.v5.i11.527","article-title":"Sedation-related complications in gastrointestinal endoscopy","volume":"16","author":"Amornyotin","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.33419","article-title":"Endoscopic screening for varices in cirrhosis: findings, implications, and outcomes","volume":"122","author":"Jensen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2009.01.029","article-title":"Toward safer sedation in patients with cirrhosis: have we done enough?","volume":"70","author":"Thuluvath","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.15-0903","article-title":"STOP-bang questionnaire: a practical approach to screen for obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"149","author":"Chung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.13577","article-title":"Clinical usefulness of end-tidal CO2 measured using a portable capnometer in patients with respiratory disease","volume":"17","author":"Suzuki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2017.08.030","article-title":"Benefits and harms of capnography during procedures involving moderate sedation: a rapid review and meta-analysis","volume":"149","author":"Parker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1159\/000519926","article-title":"Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement under NIV in Amyotrophic lateral Sclerosis with severe ventilatory dysfunction: a safe and effective procedure","volume":"30","author":"Gaspar","year":"2020","journal-title":"GE Port J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-118-5-199303010-00008","article-title":"Gastrointestinal motility disorders during pregnancy","volume":"118","author":"Baron","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2006.01.008","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of upper endoscopy procedures during pregnancy","volume":"16","author":"Bruno","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15179","article-title":"Guideline on anesthesia and sedation in brestfeeding women 2020: guideline from the Association of Anesthesists","volume":"75","author":"Mitchell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2012.03.001","article-title":"Multisociety sedation curriculum for gastrointestinal endoscopy","volume":"76","author":"Vargo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2012.02.029","article-title":"Guidelines for endoscopy in pregnant and lactating women","volume":"76","author":"Shergill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1961.03040420001001","article-title":"The role of anesthesia in surgical mortality","volume":"21","author":"Dripps","year":"1961","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1067\/mge.2000.107284","article-title":"Bispectral index monitoring of sedation during endoscopy","volume":"52","author":"Bower","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2004.04.008","article-title":"Bispectral index monitoring for conscious sedation in intervention: better, safer, faster","volume":"59","author":"Bell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00806.x","article-title":"Efficacy of bispectral monitoring as an adjunct to nurse-administered propofol sedation for colonoscopy: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"101","author":"Drake","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14639","article-title":"Guidelines for day-case surgery 2019: guidelines from the association of anaesthetists and the British association of Day surgery","volume":"74","author":"Bailey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181c38c25","article-title":"Incidence, reversal, and prevention of opioid-induced respiratory depression","volume":"112","author":"Dahan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.4253\/wjge.v5.i10.502","article-title":"Post-Anaesthetic Discharge Scoring System to assess patient recovery and discharge after colonoscopy","volume":"5","author":"Trevisani","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-020-01561-z","article-title":"Sedation practices for routine gastrointestinal endoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Dossa","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["Gastrointestinal Endoscopy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0016510725020127?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0016510725020127?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T17:25:44Z","timestamp":1779297944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0016510725020127"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0016510725020127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0016-5107"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0016-5107","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Sedation and anesthesia in gastrointestinal endoscopy in 2025: how, who, and why","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Gastrointestinal Endoscopy","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gie.2025.09.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 by the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}