{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T04:30:05Z","timestamp":1793766605361,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gastroenterology Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]],"date-time":"2020-09-23T09:59:19Z","timestamp":1600855159000},"page":"655-669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["Ulcerative Colitis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Tanyaporn","family":"Kaenkumchorn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghassan","family":"Wahbeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10080","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32126-2","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis","volume":"389","author":"Ungaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib2","series-title":"Pediatric gastrointestinal and liver disease","author":"Wyllie","year":"2015"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx008","article-title":"Third European evidence-based consensus on diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis. Part 1: definitions, diagnosis, extra-intestinal manifestations, pregnancy, cancer surveillance, surgery, and ileo-anal pouch disorders","volume":"11","author":"Magro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Crohns Colitis"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07696.x","article-title":"A\u00a0new look at toxic megacolon: an update and review of incidence, etiology, pathogenesis, and management","volume":"98","author":"Gan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v112.pm9178675","article-title":"Genetic markers may predict disease behavior in patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"112","author":"Roussomoustakaki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.343","article-title":"Frequency and risk factors for extraintestinal manifestations in the swiss inflammatory bowel disease cohort","volume":"106","author":"Vavricka","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-199503000-00003","article-title":"Characterization of hepatic abnormalities in children with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"1","author":"Hyams","year":"1995","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31815a98ef","article-title":"Early onset of ulcerative colitis: long-term follow-up with special reference to colorectal cancer and primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"46","author":"Lindberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29204","article-title":"The natural history of primary sclerosing cholangitis in 781 children: a multicenter, international collaboration","volume":"66","author":"Deneau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.07.065","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease in children with elevated serum gamma glutamyltransferase levels","author":"Chandrakumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib11","first-page":"1404","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis: evidence for increased neoplastic potential","volume":"22","author":"Broom\u00e9","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatol :"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0210436","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210436","article-title":"Occurrence of skin manifestations in patients of the swiss inflammatory bowel disease cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Roth","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib13","first-page":"615","article-title":"Clinical course and evolution of erythema nodosum and pyoderma gangrenosum in chronic ulcerative colitis: a study of 42 patients","volume":"80","author":"Mir-Madjlessi","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2006.12.032","article-title":"Diagnosis of colitis: making the initial diagnosis","volume":"5","author":"Abreu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000152","article-title":"ACG clinical guideline: ulcerative colitis in adults","volume":"114","author":"Rubin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01780.x","article-title":"A\u00a0national survey of the prevalence and impact of clostridium difficile infection among hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease patients","volume":"103","author":"Nguyen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-020-03536-8","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection is associated with worse outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease hospitalizations nationwide","volume":"35","author":"Hendler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21275","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus in inflammatory bowel disease: pathogen or innocent bystander?","volume":"16","author":"Lawlor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S149784","article-title":"Is cytomegalovirus infection related to inflammatory bowel disease, especially steroid-resistant inflammatory bowel disease? A meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Lv","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13124","article-title":"Review article: cytomegalovirus and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"41","author":"Sager","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20498","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection in ulcerative colitis: a prospective, comparative study on prevalence and diagnostic strategy","volume":"14","author":"Dom\u00e8nech","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.01.028","article-title":"Diagnosis and classification of ulcerative colitis","volume":"13","author":"Conrad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"45","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8008","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i45.8008","article-title":"Albumin as a prognostic marker for ulcerative colitis","volume":"23","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000173271.18319.53","article-title":"Correlation of C-reactive protein with clinical, endoscopic, histologic, and radiographic activity in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"11","author":"Solem","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.591271","article-title":"Contribution of clinical correlates and 13 C-reactive protein gene polymorphisms to interindividual variability in serum C-reactive protein level","volume":"113","author":"Kathiresan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circ :"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib26","first-page":"359","article-title":"Established and emerging biological activity markers of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"95","author":"Nielsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.120","article-title":"C-reactive protein, fecal calprotectin, and stool lactoferrin for detection of endoscopic activity in symptomatic inflammatory bowel disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"110","author":"Mosli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1080\/00365529950172835","article-title":"Correlation between faecal excretion of indium-111-labelled granulocytes and calprotectin, a granulocyte marker protein, in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"34","author":"R\u00f8seth","year":"1999","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/950286","article-title":"Fecal calprotectin use in inflammatory bowel disease and beyond: a mini-review","volume":"29","author":"Alibrahim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.131","article-title":"The diagnostic accuracy of fecal calprotectin during the investigation of suspected pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"109","author":"Henderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.22113","article-title":"Fecal calprotectin level in healthy children aged less than 4 years in South Korea","volume":"31","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Lab Anal"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200305000-00021","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors are associated with elevation of faecal calprotectin and may affect specificity","volume":"15","author":"Poullis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib33","first-page":"449","article-title":"Anti-saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan antibodies and antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies in Greek patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"96","author":"Koutroubakis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.42.6.788","article-title":"Anti-saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan antibodies combined with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies in inflammatory bowel disease: prevalence and diagnostic role","volume":"42","author":"Quinton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20226","article-title":"IBD serological panels: facts and perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Peyrin-Biroulet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200209000-00013","article-title":"Evaluation of serological markers to differentiate between ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: pANCA, ASCA and agglutinating antibodies to anaerobic coccoid rods","volume":"14","author":"Linskens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03613.x","article-title":"Diagnostic value of anti-saccharomyces cerevisiae and antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"96","author":"Peeters","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12661","article-title":"Serological markers associated with disease behavior and response to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in ulcerative colitis","volume":"30","author":"Kevans","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2019.02.004","article-title":"A\u00a0comprehensive review and update on ulcerative colitis","author":"Gajendran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dis Mon"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2017160050","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease: current role of imaging in diagnosis and detection of complications: gastrointestinal imaging","volume":"37","author":"Panizza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i3.917","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease imaging: current practice and future directions","volume":"22","author":"Kilcoyne","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.190.2.8284397","article-title":"Colitis: use of CT findings in differential diagnosis","volume":"190","author":"Philpotts","year":"1994","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-2171(95)90002-0","article-title":"CT of inflammatory disease of the colon","volume":"16","author":"Jacobs","year":"1995","journal-title":"Semin Ultrasound CT MR"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.08.2027","article-title":"Prospective comparison of state-of-the-art MR enterography and CT enterography in small-bowel Crohn's disease","volume":"193","author":"Siddiki","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw168","article-title":"3rd European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn's disease 2016: part 1: diagnosis and medical management","volume":"11","author":"Gomoll\u00f3n","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib46","article-title":"Systematic review: clinical utility of gastrointestinal ultrasound in the diagnosis, assessment and management of patients with ulcerative colitis","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Crohns Colitis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-200407000-00008","article-title":"Clinical relevance of transabdominal ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in patients with inflammatory bowel disease of the terminal ileum and large bowel","volume":"10","author":"Pascu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2003.01796.x","article-title":"Role of early ultrasound in detecting inflammatory intestinal disorders and identifying their anatomical location within the bowel","volume":"18","author":"Parente","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(97)70325-1","article-title":"Ultrasonographic assessment of inflammatory bowel disease in children: comparison with ileocolonoscopy","volume":"130","author":"Faure","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.02.055","article-title":"Ultrasonography of the colon in pediatric ulcerative colitis: a prospective, blind, comparative study with colonoscopy","volume":"165","author":"Civitelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i5.1180","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging in children and adolescents with chronic inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"20","author":"Mentzel","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e318160df85","article-title":"Capsule endoscopy may reclassify pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: a historical analysis","volume":"47","author":"Cohen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0b013e31829a749c","article-title":"Video capsule endoscopy impacts decision making in pediatric IBD: a single tertiary care center experience","volume":"19","author":"Min","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2011.10.005","article-title":"Severe disease on endoscopy and steroid use increase the risk for bowel perforation during colonoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease patients","volume":"6","author":"Navaneethan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J CROHNS COLITIS"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib55","first-page":"573","article-title":"Colonoscopic perforation in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"9","author":"Makkar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2011.10.005","article-title":"Severe disease on endoscopy and steroid use increase the risk for bowel perforation during colonoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease patients","volume":"6","author":"Navaneethan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Crohns Colitis"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1102942","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis","volume":"365","author":"Danese","year":"2011","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2559.1997.5810818.x","article-title":"Reliability of rectal biopsy in distinguishing between chronic inflammatory bowel disease and acute self-limiting colitis","volume":"31","author":"Dundas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/917649","article-title":"Granuloma-positive Crohn's disease","volume":"21","author":"Freeman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.47.3.404","article-title":"A\u00a0reproducible grading scale for histological assessment of inflammation in ulcerative colitis","volume":"47","author":"Geboes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310187","article-title":"Development and validation of the Nancy histological index for UC","volume":"66","author":"Marchal-Bressenot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2016.06.004","article-title":"The first endoscopy in suspected inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"26","author":"Fausel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.23013","article-title":"Atypical disease phenotypes in pediatric ulcerative colitis: 5-year analyses of the EUROKIDS registry","volume":"19","author":"Levine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.046615","article-title":"PSC-IBD: a unique form of inflammatory bowel disease associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"54","author":"Loftus","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib65","first-page":"1275","article-title":"Patchy cecal inflammation associated with distal ulcerative colitis: a prospective endoscopic study","volume":"92","author":"D'Haens","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3129-z","article-title":"Appendiceal skip inflammation and ulcerative colitis","volume":"59","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2017.182","article-title":"Backwash is hogwash: the clinical significance of ileitis in ulcerative colitis","volume":"112","author":"Patil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2011.07.018","article-title":"Backwash ileitis does not affect pouch outcome in patients with ulcerative colitis with restorative proctocolectomy","volume":"9","author":"Arrossi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e31829f03ee","article-title":"Focally enhanced gastritis in newly diagnosed pediatric inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"37","author":"Ushiku","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e318231d984","article-title":"Diagnostic workup of paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease in Europe: results of a 5-year audit of the EUROKIDS registry","volume":"54","author":"de Bie C","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31805563f3","article-title":"Differentiating ulcerative colitis from Crohn disease in children and young adults: report of a working group of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America","volume":"44","author":"Bousvaros","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.03159.x","article-title":"Review article: indeterminate colitis--definition, diagnosis and management","volume":"25","author":"Tremaine","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.10.019","article-title":"Patient-reported outcome measures for use in clinical trials and clinical practice in inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"de Jong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4884","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4884.375","article-title":"Cortisone in ulcerative colitis; preliminary report on a therapeutic trial","volume":"2","author":"Truelove","year":"1954","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000568","article-title":"Feasibility and validity of the pediatric ulcerative colitis activity index in routine clinical practice","volume":"60","author":"Dotson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.082909","article-title":"The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, consensus, and implications","volume":"55","author":"Satsangi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.43.1.29","article-title":"A\u00a0simple clinical colitis activity index","volume":"43","author":"Walmsley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15374","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i41.15374","article-title":"Performance of the Montreal classification for inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"20","author":"Spekhorst","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.09.001","article-title":"Diagnostics of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"133","author":"Nikolaus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["Gastroenterology Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889855320300698?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889855320300698?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:29:54Z","timestamp":1760178594000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0889855320300698"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0889855320300698"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-8553"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-8553","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Ulcerative Colitis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Gastroenterology Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.07.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}