{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T12:02:43Z","timestamp":1792324963641,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gastroenterology Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T06:45:56Z","timestamp":1619160356000},"page":"403-414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Acute Cholangitis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Zhibo","family":"An","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie L.","family":"Braseth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadav","family":"Sahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2018.11.002","article-title":"Cholangitis: causes, diagnosis, and management","volume":"99","author":"Sulzer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surg Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4291\/wjgp.v9.i1.1","article-title":"Acute cholangitis: an update","volume":"9","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib3","first-page":"16","article-title":"Early biliary drainage is associated with favourable outcomes in critically-ill patients with acute cholangitis","volume":"13","author":"Aboelsoud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prz Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1012796","article-title":"Septicemia after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography","volume":"22","author":"Deviere","year":"1990","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.13981","article-title":"Acute cholangitis: current concepts","volume":"87","author":"Lan Cheong Wah","year":"2017","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198904000-00008","article-title":"Acute cholangitis. Multivariate analysis of risk factors","volume":"209","author":"Gigot","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.515","article-title":"Tokyo Guidelines 2018: diagnostic criteria and severity grading of acute cholecystitis (with videos)","volume":"25","author":"Yokoe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hbpd.2018.01.002","article-title":"Risk factor analysis of post-ERCP cholangitis: a single-center experience","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-019-05533-6","article-title":"Risk factors for the development of stent-associated cholangitis following endoscopic biliary stent placement","volume":"64","author":"Everett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14954","article-title":"The risk of acute cholangitis after endoscopic stenting for malignant hilar strictures: a large comprehensive study","volume":"35","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.13907","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of Charcot's triad: a systematic review","volume":"87","author":"Rumsey","year":"2017","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.512","article-title":"Tokyo Guidelines 2018: diagnostic criteria and severity grading of acute cholangitis (with videos)","volume":"25","author":"Kiriyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-010-0171-7","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of acute cholangitis","volume":"13","author":"Mosler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Gastroenterol Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-018-4963-1","article-title":"Procalcitonin as a decision-supporting marker of urgent biliary decompression in acute cholangitis","volume":"63","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.509","article-title":"Tokyo Guidelines 2018: initial management of acute biliary infection and flowchart for acute cholangitis","volume":"25","author":"Miura","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.452","article-title":"Updated comprehensive epidemiology, microbiology, and outcomes among patients with acute cholangitis","volume":"24","author":"Gomi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23259","article-title":"Acute portal vein thrombosis unrelated to cirrhosis: a prospective multicenter follow-up study","volume":"51","author":"Plessier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.9","article-title":"Comparison of two editions of Tokyo Guidelines for the management of acute cholangitis","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.518","article-title":"Tokyo Guidelines 2018: antimicrobial therapy for acute cholangitis and cholecystitis","volume":"25","author":"Gomi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib20","first-page":"e1867","article-title":"Candida tropicalis cholangitis in a patient without underlying malignancy","volume":"9","author":"Saradna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0155479","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155479","article-title":"Epidemiology and resistance patterns of bacterial and fungal colonization of biliary plastic stents: a prospective cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Lubbert","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hbpd.2020.05.006","article-title":"Microbiology and risk factors for gram-positive Cocci bacteremia in biliary infections","volume":"19","author":"Jo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0132673","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132673","article-title":"Association between liver fluke infection and hepatobiliary pathological changes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Xia","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520500515370","article-title":"Impact of the operator's experience on value of high-resolution transabdominal ultrasound in the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis: a prospective comparison using endoscopic retrograde cholangiography as the gold standard","volume":"41","author":"Rickes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib25","series-title":"The SAGES manual of flexible endoscopy","author":"Nau","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib26","first-page":"103","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of MRCP as compared to ultrasound\/CT in patients with obstructive jaundice","volume":"8","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Diagn Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib27","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound versus magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography for common bile duct stones","author":"Giljaca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00534-006-1152-y","article-title":"Definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines","volume":"14","author":"Kimura","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib29","first-page":"141","article-title":"Acute suppurative cholangitis, a medical and surgical emergency. A review of ten years experience emphasizing early recognition","volume":"54","author":"Andrew","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.420","article-title":"IL-7 and procalcitonin are useful biomarkers in the comprehensive evaluation of the severity of acute cholangitis","volume":"24","author":"Suwa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib31","first-page":"607","article-title":"Microbiology and clinical characteristics of acute cholangitis with their impact on mortality; a retrospective cross sectional study","volume":"70","author":"Akhtar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pak Med Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-017-5856-7","article-title":"Temporal trends in utilization and outcomes of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in acute cholangitis due to choledocholithiasis from 1998 to 2012","volume":"32","author":"Parikh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-020-01201-6","article-title":"Use of microbiological and patient data for choice of empirical antibiotic therapy in acute cholangitis","volume":"20","author":"Kruis","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1159\/000509289","article-title":"Prevalence, resistance-rates and risk-factors of pathogens in routine bile cultures obtained during endoscopic retrograde cholangiography","volume":"39","author":"Reiter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2019.2169","article-title":"Review of the Tokyo Guidelines 2018: antimicrobial therapy for acute cholangitis and cholecystitis","volume":"154","author":"Buckman","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1159\/000493579","article-title":"Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography-obtained bile culture can guide antibiotic therapy in acute cholangitis","volume":"37","author":"Chandra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640620915016","article-title":"Antimicrobial therapy of 3\u00a0days or less is sufficient after successful ERCP for acute cholangitis","volume":"8","author":"Haal","year":"2020","journal-title":"United Eur Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.074","article-title":"Three-day antibiotic treatment for acute cholangitis due to choledocholithiasis with successful biliary duct drainage: a single-center retrospective cohort study","volume":"96","author":"Satake","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-020-4046-4","article-title":"Shortening antibiotic duration in the treatment of acute cholangitis: rationale and study protocol for an open-label randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Iwata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2019.09.040","article-title":"Emergent versus urgent ERCP in acute cholangitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"91","author":"Iqbal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2020.19103","article-title":"ERCP for severe acute cholangitis: the earlier, the better","volume":"31","author":"Khamaysi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0862-0346","article-title":"Endoscopic management of common bile duct stones: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guideline","volume":"51","author":"Manes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl19248","article-title":"Impact of the sensitivity to empiric antibiotics on clinical outcomes after biliary drainage for acute cholangitis","volume":"14","author":"Kawamura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-3402016","article-title":"Emergent treatment of acute cholangitis and acute cholecystitis","volume":"37","author":"Navuluri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin Intervent Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005_bib45","series-title":"The SAGES manual of flexible endoscopy","article-title":"Management of pancreaticobiliary disease: endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)","author":"Alexander","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["Gastroenterology Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889855321000170?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0889855321000170?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:30:01Z","timestamp":1760178601000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0889855321000170"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0889855321000170"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-8553"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-8553","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Acute Cholangitis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Gastroenterology Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gtc.2021.02.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}